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border security (land borders (steps for effective border management…

- - - - international border - gujarat to jammu - 2308km - guarded by BSF
      - LOC - jammu to NJ4892 - 776 km - by army
      - actual ground position line(AGPL) - NJ4892 to indiara col -110 km - by army
    - - infiltration by terrorists
        
        denial strategy by i
        
        counter retaliation fire
      - LOC+AGPL - constant tention
      - high expenses to station army in AGPL (mutual retreat in winters)
      - sir creek dispute
      - diverse terrain
      - river water sharing
      - human trafficking
      - drug trafficking
      - arms smuggling and illegal fishing
    - - deploying NSG in j&k for counter terrorism
      - MHA - comprehensive integrated border management - for all round security
  - - - developing infra in NE with Japanese aid
      - admin and financial powers to BRO to expedite road construction
    - - disputed areas
        
        aksai chin
        
        i claims johnson line
        
        china claims mcdonald line - forms LOC
        
        CPEC - passes through indian land captured by pak and gifted to china
        
        arunachal - macmohan line - not accpted by china
  - - - 4096km - longest
      - guarded by BSF
      - made by bengal boundary commission
    - - border meander through villages and lands - porous border
      - no natural frontier
      - push and pull factors - illegal bangladeshi migration
      - indian insurgents taking asylum in bangladesh
      - smuggling of - cattle, urea, FICN, arms, drugs
      - teesta water sharing dispute
      - inadequate fencing
    - - exchange of enclaves ender land boundary settlement
      - border protection grid
      - installation of border surveillance devices - eg: CCTV, thermal imaging
  - - - guarded by SSB
      - 1757km - 4th largest
    - - porous border
        
        open border - under treaty of peace and friendship 1950
        
        used by insurgents and terrorists to escape
        
        increased extremism - eg: maoist insurgency
        
        trafficking of - drugs, human, FICN
      - shifting of rivers destructing border and peoples' movement
    - - developmental aid to nepal - help curb human trafficking
      - funds to develop 1400 km along nepal border
      - new intelligence section setup in SSB
  - - - though proper demarcation, still few disputed pockets
      - rugged terrain and lush green forest - porous border
      - trans boundary ethnic ties and inter tribal clashed
      - insurgency
      - effect of golden triangle - drugs, arms, chinese products smuggled
      - 'free movement regimes' (upto 16km without passport) - contributed to smuggling
      - no natural barrier
    - - integrated check post (moreh in manipur) - facilitate legitimate trade
      - surgical strikes against Naga insurgents preempting a terror attack
  - - - demarcated except at trijunction
      - porous border - infiltration, smuggling, trafficking, FICN etc
    - - new border post in sikkim near doklam
  - - - for housing personnel &
      - sending regular patroL
      - recommended within 2.5 km
    - - night vision
      - cctv
      - thermal imaging
    - - dispute resolution
      - no diversion of security forces - eg: ITBP handling naxal issues
      - tech
        
        aerial surveillance
        
        satellite imaging
      - securing borders
        
        settled - by BSF
        
        unsettled - army
        
        'one border one force'
    - - seamlessly integrates
        
        human resources
        
        weapons
        
        high tech surveillance equipments
      - components
        
        24*7 surveillance (high tech)
        
        dedication communication system - using optical fibres and satellites
        
        command and control centre
      - to address gaps in present system of border security
    - - reasons/for
        
        eco opportunities
        
        instil sense of security
        
        create infra
      - working - decentralised through PRI
      - issues
        
        funds allocation
        
        challenges in hilly areas
- - - - non traditional
        
        fishing
        
        fishermen straying
        
        hired for smuggling arms etc
        
        captured by other countries
        
        illegal fishing
        
        terrorism
        
        hideaways in uninhabitable islands
        
        porous boundaries - 27/11 terrorists came through sea route
        
        piracy & armed robberies
        
        climate change
      - traditional
        
        maritime resources
        
        indian ocean has been a theatre of power struggle
        
        border disputes
  - - - coastal police
    - - coast guard
    - - indian navy
  - - - non sophisticated patrol boats
      - reluctance due to sea sickness
      - laxity in night patrolling
  - - - maritime police training institutes
      - joint operation centre
      - coastal police stations for patrolling
      - modern surveillance measures
- - - - <2% budget allocation - eaten up in salaries instead of modernisation
      - poor defence procurement
      - no self sufficiency
      - dependence on foreign imports - biggest importer of arms
      - general
        
        high border disputes
        
        constantly changing nature of threats
        
        civil-military conflicts - eg: J&K
      - lack sophisticated tech
    - - increase combat capability
      - increase allocation (outside pension) to 2.5-3%
      - specialised procurement instead of 'generalists'
      - intelligence reforms
        
        recruitment through UPSC
        
        provide legal backing - eg: UK intelligence service act 1994
        
        national coordination - eg: defence intelligence agency of USA
        
        tech upgrade
      - shekatkar committee - better combat capabilities
    - - new defence procurement policy
        
        liberalised industrial licensing regime - reduced entry barriers
        
        indigenously designed, dev and mgfed as most preferred category of procurement
        
        removed redundant procedures - reduced delays
      - strategic partnership model
        
        what - private sector tie up with OEM in submarines, helicopters, armoured vehicles, single engine fighter aircrafts
        
        pros
        
        revitalise defence industrial ecosystem - increase self sufficiency
        
        empowered committee to take actions - faster decisions
        
        better efficiency
        
        tech transfer
        
        increase trust b/w private sector and defence ministry
        
        issues
        
        long term viability
        
        IPR
        
        poor domestic capacity
  - - - general
        
        civil-military conflicts - eg: J&K
        
        high border disputes
        
        constantly changing nature of threats
      - no clear 'strategy statement'
    - - inter defence cooperation - also with civil administration
      - shekatkar committee - single point advisor to govt
      - improve procedure, structure & organisation
    - - new tri-service commands - for cyberspace, aerospace and special operations
      - possibility of limited term recruitment
      - armed forces officers in MoD
      - chief of defence staff (by kargil review committee 1999) -tri service integration
      - defence planning committee
        
        pros
        
        better coordination
        
        subcommittees created in specific areas
        
        diplomacy
        
        manufacturing
        
        policy
        
        capacity development
        
        what
        
        under chairmanship of NSA
        
        mandate
        
        prepare
        
        international defence engagement strategy
        
        external security risk assessment
        
        capability development plan
        
        security strategy - set national defence and security priorities
        
        roadmap to boost defence exports
        
        undertake strategic defence review