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Chief Complaint: 34 year old male is diagnose with AIDS. One year prior he…

- - - - Thymus
        
        Site of T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation
      - Red Bone Marrow
        
        Formation of all formed elements; site of B-lymphocyte maturation
    - - Spleen
        
        Filters Blood
        
        Removes aged RBC and platelets
        
        Where immune response is initiated against a substance in the blood
        
        serves as a RBC and platelet reservoir
      - Tonsils
        
        Protects against inhaled and ingested substances
      - Lymphatic Nodules
        
        Protect body organs
      - MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
        
        Protects mucosal membranes against foreign objects
      - Lymph nodes
        
        Filters lymph: where immune response is initiated against a substance in the lymph.
    - - T-lymphocytes
      - B-Lymphocytes
  - - - Skin and mucosal membranes (prevent entry)
      - Nonspecific internal defenses
        
        Cells (e.g Macrophages, NK cells)
        
        Chemicals (e.g interferon, complement)
        
        Physiologic responses (e.g inflammation, fever)
    - - T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity)
        
        Effective against antigens within cells; requires antigen-presenting cell)
        
        Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
        
        Destroy cells through apoptosis
        
        Helper T-lymphocyte
        
        releases molecules that regulate the immune system
      - B-lymphocytes (humoral immunity)
        
        Plasma cells (Synthesize and release antibodies)
  - - - Helper T-lymphocytes
        
        T-CRs and CD4 protein
        
        helping to initiate both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, as well as enhancing certain aspects of innate immunity
      - Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
        
        TCRs and CD8 protein
        
        releases chemicals that are toxic to cells, resulting in their destruction.
      - must first have the antigen processed and presented in the plasma membrane of another type of cell
    - - Plasma cells
        
        make direct contact with antigens
    - - reside in the tissues throughout the body
    - - most prevalent leukocyte in the blood
    - - produce histamine, heparin and eicosanoids, which promotes inflammation
    - - cells that destroy virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells, tumor cells, and cells of
        transplanted tissue.
    - - target parasites by releasing substances that are lethal to the parasites, such as enzymes, reactive
        oxygen-containing compounds, and neurotoxins.
  - - - are NOT cells, composed of DNA or RNA within a protein capsid. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
        
        The process of viral reproduction includes directing the infected cell to synthesize copies of botht the viral DNA/RNA molecule and its capsid. Which then formed within the infected cells and released from them to enter surrounding cells.
        
        Treatment: treatment can only help with symptoms while your immune system fight off the virus. Vaccines can prevent you from getting many viral diseases.
    - - Composed of prokaryotic cells, where some have sticky polysaccharide capsule, which increases thier virulence. Some pathogenic bacteria cause diseases by releasing enzymes or toxins that interfere with the function of cells
        
        Treatment: most bacterial disease can be treated with antibiotics
  - - - The phage infects a cell
        
        The phage DNA circularizes remaining separates from the host DNA
        
        Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made. New phage particles are assembled
        
        The cell lyses, releasing phage.
    - - The phage infects a cell
        
        The phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome.
        
        The cell divides and prophage DNA is passed onto daughter cells.
        
        under stressful conditions, the phage is excised from the bacterial chromosomes and enters the lytic cycle
  - - - AIDS is a syndrome, or range of symptoms, that may develop in time in a person with HIV who does not receive treatment.
        
        HIV infection is diagnosed as AIDS when a person’s helper T-lymphocyte count drops below 200 cells
        per cubic milliliter, or when a person develops an opportunistic infection or illness.
    - - HIV is a virus that attacks a type of white blood cell called a CD4 cell in the body’s immune system.
        
        HIV infection destroys helper T-lymphocytes by causing them to produce HIV RNA at a rate that
        induces lysis, and by the targeting of helper T-lymphocytes by other immune cells.
        
        Although the body’s immune cells target and destroy infected cells, HIV replicates at a faster rate than the
        immune system can cope with.
        
        It reduces the body’s ability to fight infection and illness. The body can fight off many viruses, but some of them can never be completely removed once they are present. HIV is one of these.
        
        There is no cure for HIV, and treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing the spread of
        HIV in the body.