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Family influences on development across life span (Arousal and stress…
Family influences on development across life span
Arousal and stress response systems
Infancy (18-24 months)
The family’s influence during infancy extends to cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of development.
Secure trust provided by the caregivers promotes infant's willing towards socialization
Early social deficiency leads to social impairments
Adverse early family environments is linked with the development of differences in children’s neurotransmitter profiles
growth of moral conscience and compliance
Toddlers and Preschoolers
The moral conscience they begin to develop, and the relationships with peers are shaped by their early attachments of parents
children with secure attachments to parents are more likely to form friendships
toddlers and preschoolers growing up n a family with conflicts are more aggressive and showed fewer social skills with their peers
development of a sense of self separate from the mother, they learn about gender roles and develop gender-based preferences and meanings
Preschoolers develop more consistent ties with peers
Toddlers are expected to adjust their behavior according to care giver's commands
Understanding emotions and formatting relationships with peers
Middle Childhood(5 years- Adolescence)
changes in physical maturity, cognitive abilities, and social relationships
authoritative parenting
positive social and emotional outcomes in children
more activities outside of the home
Children learn to express emotion in order to achieve goals in a socially acceptable manner
Absence of the father
Child tends to have fewer economic and socioemotional resources and show more behavioral problems
Parent mental health
Genetic heritability
parenting quality
higher marital quality associated
more positive child adjustment
Marital conflict
Consequences for children’s psychological health and school performance
Siblings
relative positive or negative influence
Other Family Influences
Children learn responsibility by practicing some household chores
Autonomy and identity outside family and romantic relationships
Adolescence
social, emotional, cognitive, and physical characteristics develop to be more like adults
Family continue to have a crucial role
Sexuality
Securely attached adolescents
Be involved in supportive romantic relationships
Not securely attached adolescents
Discomfort with intimacy and having trouble with friends
Adolescents with a history of sexual abuse
Develop depressive and stress symptoms
Low self-esteem
Low self-worth
Positive relationship with parents
Secure romantic relationships with future spouse
Family environments that foster learning
Academic Achievement
More stressors during adolescence
Mental health
Probability of suicide
Discord with parents
Substance use
Poor academic performance
Failure to complete high school
Criminal behavior
Physical health problems
Loneliness
Psychopathology
Addicted family members
Siblings
Educational and occupational attainments
Adulthood
Childhood experiences
Growing up in unsupportive or over conflict family
Damaging effects on mental and physical health
The Marital and Parental Role in Adulthood
Happy marriage
Health and well-being
Life satisfaction
lower risk for depression
Unhappy marriage
Negative impact on physical and mental health
Divorce
Depressive symptoms among women
Affairs outside marriage
Husband is violent
Relationships With the Family of Origin
Adult as a parent keeps getting advises and assistance from their parent about childcare
When Adult's parent becomes widow or develop health problems
Adult provide their parents the help they needed
Long-term assistance places stress on adult
Skilled Immigrant adult
Find enhanced conditions of life for themselves and for their families
Non skilled immigrant adults
Sacrifice their future, they work hard in dirty and undesirable jobs
Their offspring can obtain an education and a brighter future than that available in the country of origin
Relationships with spouse and children.
Older Adulthood
Older adults take care of their grandchildren
Self esteem and improving life satisfaction
Retirement
Old age
Less dependency and more health problems
Risk for depression
Immigrant older adult faces difficulties to adapt host society
Less social relatios
Migration
Psychosocial problems
social integration and identity formation
language proficiency
Risk of discrimination
Second generation advantage
Combining traits from ethnic culture with host culture
Language difficulties
New cultural environment
Socialaization
Work and retirement
Major life change and disengagement with work
Health and health care
Physiological factors
Demographic changes
Emergence of a medical-industrial complex and an aging enterprise
Medicalization of old age
Promote treatment through privatized outlets
Social networks
Positively affect health and mortality in late life
Neighborhood impact
Neighborhood poverty
Low-birth-weight children aged 0 to 3 years
Externalizing behavior problems in 5 years children
Depressive symptoms
Luxury neighborhood
Higher likelihood of surviving
Differential rates of cognitive decline
Family and neighborhood income
Impact on cognitive outcomes scores
Safe walking areas in Neighborhood
More exercises foe older adults
Sociohistorical events
Impact on assumption about life and world
Impact on conscious identity.
Less impact on identity but more impact on opportunities
Neighborhood impact
School impact
Poor neighborhood schools
Obesity, early smokers
Lower cognitive scores
Residential stability
Externalizing behavior
Lower ses neighborhood
More likely to be pregnant adolescents
Neighborhood impact
Lower quality neighborhood
Risk factors such as smoking and cholesterol
Coronary heart disease
Parenthood in poorer neighborhood
Higher children’s conduct disorder symptoms
Family context
Primary socialization of infants
Skills to interact with others
Absence of this basic socialization
Feral children
Disadvantages the young
Socialization
Schools provide youth with 4 key values
Achievement
Universalism
Independence
Specificity
Formal social settings as Schools
Socialization expand to include peers and adults like teachers
Socialization
capacity to learn and to react quickly and effectively to changing circumstances
Family and work