Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Kingdom Animalia: (invertebrae: no backbone (Phylum Mollusca: Molluscs…

- - - - one of the most oldest animal groups
      - only have two layers of cells (like sponges)
      - comprised of two basic body forms
        
        polyp
        
        cylindrical form that attaches to a surface and is able to extend tentacles upward and outward for catching of prey
        
        tube shaped sessile body form of cnidarians
      - food is ingested through the gastrovascular cavity
      - have tissues, including muscle, and a simple nervous system which allows for locomotion and catching of prey
  - - - have long tube-like bodies that are divided into a series of ringed segments
      - have a distinct head end and several organ systems
  - - - have a soft body protected in many species by a hard shell
      - mantle surrounds the internal organs and secretes calcium carbonate for the shell
      - organ systems include: digestive, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, and nervous
      - have a muscular foot used for movement
      - some species have well-developed eyes and other sense organs
  - - - have radial symmetry
      - have an endoskeleton, which is made of calcium carbonate that surrounds the outer layer of the organism, covered by a thin layer of skin
      - have tube feet, which are small muscular, fluid-filled tubes that end in structures that are similar to suction cups
  - - - arthropod means jointed foots, legs are made up of movable sections connected by joints
      - body is divided into segments
      - have a hard exoskeleton, constructed of protein and chitin, which shed or moulted as the animal grows
        
        rigidity protects the animal, and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the legs
        
        can prevent the arthropod from drying out, which allowed for them to colonize terrestrial ecosystems several hundred million years ago
    - - Chelicerates: spiders, mites, scorpions
        
        two body segments - a cephalothorax and abdomen
        
        six pairs of jointed appendages
        
        no anntenae
        
        special appendages for feeding
        
        some are poisonous
      - Myriapods: millipedes and centipedes
        
        each segment has one or two pairs of legs
        
        have a single pair of antennae and in most cases, simple eyes
        
        live in moist habitats, under logs or stones
        
        centipedes are poisonous, millipedes are not poisonous
      - Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and barnacles
        
        five pairs of jointed appendages
        
        two pairs of antennae
        
        have fewer body segments, with a tendency for segments in the head and thorax regions to fuse and become specialized
      - Insects: beetles, bees, butterflies, moths, ants, and flies
        
        three body segments - head, thorax, and abdomen
        
        three pairs of legs
        
        one or two pairs of wings, or no wings
        
        mouthparts specialized for siphoning, piercing, sucking, and chewing
- - - - have a notochord, which is a rod shaped structure that extends the length of the body, used for the attachment of movement muscles, forms in the embryo
      - have a dorsal nerve cord, a tube-shaped cord that extends along the back of the body, becomes the brain and spinal cord, which is eventually enclosed in the skull and spine
      - evolved from bony fish around 360 million years ago, where the fins had changed into limbs (known as tetrapods)
    - - occupy freshwater and saltwater habitats
      - Lampreys are the oldest living vertebrates
        
        jawless and lack paired fins and bony skeleton
        
        rely on a suction mouth for holding on to food
      - have gills to obtain dissolved oxygen from water
      - two major class developed 400 million years ago, both have paired fins and jaws
        
        Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks and Rays
        
        have a skeleton of cartilage rather than bone (similar to lampreys)
        
        Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fish (includes guppies, tuna, and salmon)
        
        have a skeleton made of bone
        
        most have an air sac called a swim bladder, which can fill with oxygen to allow the fish to rise and sink in the water column
    - - the first tetrapods to appear and live a portion of their life cycle on land
      - Order Anura: Frogs and Toads
      - Order Urodela: Salamanders
      - uses both lungs and moist skin to assist in gas exchange (cutaneous respiration)
      - reproduce using external fertilization
    - - Order Squamata: Lizards and Snakes
      - Order Testudines: Turtles
      - Order Crocodilia: Crocodiles
      - have body scale that create a waterproof barrier that helps to prevent dehydration in dry air
      - only uses lungs for gas exchange
      - shelled eggs resist drying out
      - amniotic eggs
        
        internal fertilization, egg and sperm join inside the female, and several layers of membrane develop around the egg prior to secretion
      - females deposit eggs in places that provide environmental heat for incubation, like sand or rotting vegetation
      - ectothermic - rely on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature
      - have a three chambered heart
    - - may be a distant relative to the lizard, as biologists have found that they are related to at least one group of dinosaurs
        
        nearly 9000 species of birds, ranging in structural diversity
        
        most birds can fly, aided with feathers and hollow bones and a compact body
      - endothermic - use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature
      - have a four chambered heart
    - - have mammary glands, which produces and secretes milk for nourish developing young
      - has hair, which is used for insulation, camouflage, waterproofing, and communication
      - Groups:
        
        Monotremes (eg. duck-billed platypus)
        
        egg-laying mammals
        
        found only in Australia and New Guinea
        
        Marsupials (eg. koala bear)
        
        pouched mammals
        
        short gestation period
        
        mostly found in Australia, opossum is the only North American marsupial
        
        Placental mammals (eg. polar bear)
        
        placenta - organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and developing offspring