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Different ways of organizing the Animal Kingdom. (Levels of organization…
Different ways of organizing the Animal Kingdom.
Levels of organization
symmetry and body plans
Radial Symmetry
Can be divided along any plane parallel to body axis
Bilateral Symmetry
Split in half, along one axis
Number of body layers
All animals except Kingdom Cnidaria have 3 layers of cells, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Body cavities
Acoelomates
no coelom
coelmates
Has, coelom, body cavity filled with fluid that allows for more complex movement and organ development.
Segementation
Repetitive segments, worms, lots of insects
Reproduction
Movement
sessile animals are stationary, can't move
Invertebrates
Sponges and Cnidarians.
Sponges (Porifera)
no tissure
Cnidarians
Simple muscles and nervous system, catch prey using tentacles
Polyp or medusa form (Body Shape). Polyp: cylindrical form that has tentacles extending outwards. Medusa: flattened, mouth-down, moves with currents more passively.
Worms
Phylum Plathelimthes
Least complex worms, includes, tape worms, flukes, and few-living planarians
Phylum Annelida
Long-tube like body that is seperated into ringed segments
Molluscs
Phylum Mollusca
Second most diverse phyla, all molluscs have bilateral symmetry, often have a hard layer of cell protecting their softer body tissue, a mantle surrounds their internal organs, and they also have a muscular foot used for movement.
Class: Bivalve (ex: clams).
Marine, freshwater, protected by hinged shell
Class: Gastropods, (Ex: Land Snail)
Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. coiled shells when present.
Class: cephalopods (Ex: Octopus)
Marine organisms with tentacles, can move with great speeds using tentacles
Phylum Echinodermata
Examples: Sea star, sea urchines, sea cucumbers, and sand ollars.
Marine, animals, radial symmetry, spiny endoskeletons, and tube feet. Has water vascular system.
Phylum anthropoda
Largest phylum in the animal kingdom, Segmented body and have a hard exoskeleton, routinely is shed or moulted.
Myriapods
Each segment has 2 pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, some are poisonous. Ex: Cenitpedes and milipedes
Insects
3 body segments, 3 pairs of legs, 0-2 pairs of wings, mouth can pierce suck, siphon or chew. Ex: beetles, bees, butterflies, ants, flies. etc
Chelicerates
2 body segments, 6 pairs of appendages, no antennae, some are poisonous, has special appendage for feeding. Spiders, mites, scorpions
Crustaceans
5 pairs of joint appendages, two pair aof antennae, less body segments. Ex: Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles
Vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)
Fish
Class Chondrichthyes, E.g: sharks, rays. They contain skeletons of cartilage rather than bones
about half of vertebrates species are fish, both salt and fresh water. Ranges from 12m - >1cm
Class Osteichthyes. Ex: guppies, tuna, salmon. Has real bone
Birds(Class Aves)
Related dinosaurs, birds are endothermic, 4-chambered heart. One-way movement of air through sacs connected to lungs, great diversity
Reptiles (Class reptilia)
Reptiles have scales and so that they don't require wet-lands/moist environments. Only use lungs for gas exchange, they use shell eggs to reproduce. Rare cases of environment will cause reptiles to giv live birth.
Mammals class(Mammalia)
Has mammary glands, produce/ secret milk to develop young, has hair, endothermic, 4 chambered hearts and highly developed brains
Group Monotremes. Egg laying. Ex: platypus, echidna
Group Placental mammals, has placenta. Include Bears, bats, humans, whales
Group Marsupials. Puched animals, short gestation period. Ex: koalas, kangaroos
Amphibians Class (Amphibia)
Has lungs, wet skin to oxygen exchange, reproduces externally (Mostly)