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EIT Week 5- The Origins of World War One (July Crisis of 1914 (28th June-…
EIT Week 5- The Origins of World War One
Unification of Germany- Otto von Bismarck- Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71- economic and demographic growth- diplomatic isolation of France until 1894- dismissal of Bismarck by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890
Alliance System
o 1879: Dual Alliance- Germany and A-H
o 1882: Triple Alliance- Italy
o 1887: Russo-German ‘re-insurance Treaty’
o 1894: Franco-Russian Treaty
o 1904: Anglo-French ‘entente’ (Morocco 1995)
o 1907: Anglo-Russian ‘entente’
Nationalism- primacy of the nation-state- clearly-defined territorial borders conforming to ethnic, linguistic and cultural areas
'Liberal Nationalism'- democratic popular politics- representative institutions
'Cultural Nationalism'- romantic, 'folk-oriented'- liable to influences by ideas of 'blood and soil'
Crisis in the Balkans- 1908 Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina- 1912-13 Balkan Wars
Imperialism- Anglo-French rivalry in North Africa- Anglo-Russian rivalry in 'the Near East'- Imperial cooperation in China 1900- 1911 2nd Moroccan Crisis- imperialism causes wars but not between imperialist powers
Arms Races- 1898- Admiral von Tirpitz and the 1st Naval Law- 1905 HMS Dreadnought- 1906-12- Anglo-German Naval Arms Race- 1912 German Army Bills- 1912-14- increased military expenditure in France, Russia, A-H
July Crisis of 1914
28th June- assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
5th July- Berlin writes Vienna a 'blank cheque'
28th July- Russia orders 'partial' mobilisation
29th July- Austrian artillery shells Belgrade
1st August- Germany declares war on Russia- France mobilises
3rd August- Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France
4th August- Britain declares war on Germany
War was static- massive offensive that didn't gain much ground
Trench warfare
Big increase in types of firepower- bolt-action rifles- smokeless powder- automatic machine guns- quick-firing artillery- creates a rethinking of warfare
Conscription and mass mobilisation
Britain's first line of defence was its navy- also had Indian army
'Spirit of the Offensive'
1914- Battles of Manoeuvre- both sides take offensive
1915- Trench Warfare
1916- 'Open Warfare at the Halt'- not traditional trench warfare
1917- 'Defence in Depth' vs 'Bite and Hold'
1918- manoeuvre restored
Tactics and Tech- platoon tactics- 'creeping barrage'- chemical warfare- air support- light railways and battlefield logistics- armoured warfare