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Blood & Cardiovascular System Diana Ventura Per. 1 (Major arteries…
Blood & Cardiovascular System
Diana Ventura
Per. 1
Major functions of the
cardiovascular system
A functional cardiovascular system is vital for
supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and
removing wastes from them
Deoxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary
circuit to the lungs, while the systemic circuit sends oxygenated blood to all body cells.
The cardiovascular system is a closed circuit that
consists of the heart and vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins.)
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Pulmonary valve- comes before lungs
Tricuspid valve- right side
Left and right ventricles- thick, muscular pumping chambers. L&R sides separated by interatrial or interventricular septum
Bicuspid valve- left side
Left and right atriums- thin walled collecting chambers
Semilunar valve- after ventricles
Aortic valve- comes before aorta
Aorta- releases oxygen to the rest of the body
Atrioventricular (AV) valve- flaps of these valves are controlled by strings called cordae tendonae
Layers of the heart
Epicardium- thin layer of C.T.
Parietal pericardium- outer layer; anchors the heart to diaphragm and sternum
Myocardium- cardiac muscle, the layer that
contracts
Endocardium- simple squamous epithelium,
continuous with blood vessels
Visceral pericardium- inner layer
Blood flow through the heart and body
•Bicuspid (Atrioventricular) Valve
•Left Ventricle
•Left Atrium
•Aortic Semilunar Valve
•Pulmonary Vein
•Aorta
•Lungs
•To the bodies organs & cells and then
back to the Superior Vena Cava
•Pulmonary artery
•Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
•Right Ventricle
•Tricuspid Valve
•Right Atrium
•Superior Vena Cava
Major arteries and veins of the body
Axillary
Thoracic aorta
Aortic arch
Abdominal aorta
Subclavian
Common illiac
Ulnar
Femoral
Radial
Anterior tibial and fibular
Brachial
Internal jugular
Ascending aorta
Great saphenous
Brachiocepahlic trunk
Superior vena cava
Common carotid
Internal illiac
External illiac
Inferior illiac
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Venules = “small veins”. Connects capillaries and veins
Arterioles- “small arteries”. Found between arteries and capillaries. Walls of arterioles get thinner as they approach the capillaries
Capillaries- smallest of blood vessels and sites
of gas exchange between blood and tissue cells.
Tunica (layer) intima- endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels)
Veins- usually return blood toward heart. Thinner muscle layer than arteries. Have flap-like valve to prevent backflow of blood. •Do not carry high pressure blood
Tunica media- middle, smooth muscle layer; controls (sympathetic nervous system) diameter of blood vessel
Arteries- usually carries blood away from heart. Strong, elastic. Adapted for carrying high-pressure blood. Arteries become smaller as they divide and give rise to arterioles
Tunica externa- outermost, fibrous connective tissue
Lumens- (space inside of blood vessels) of veins are larger
Capillary beds- (interweaving network of capillaries) consist of two types of vessels
Vascular shunt- directly connects an arteriole to a venule
True capillaries- gas exchange by diffusion (high to low concentration)
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac cycle- heartbeat is regular and rhythmic each complete beat is called a cardiac cycle; average is about 72 beats per minute. Each cycle, about 0.8 second long, is subdivided into systole (contraction phase) and diastole (relaxation phase)
ECG- the visible tracing of these electrical signals. The normal ECG has three deflections or waves called the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave. Specialized conduction system structures generate and transmit the electrical impulses that result in contraction of the heart.
Disorders of the
cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infarction- blood flow to part of the heart is blocked (heart attack)
Cerebrovascular accident- blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted (stroke)
Myocarditis- inflammation of the heart
Heart murmur- valves don’t close completely, blood swishes back and forth
Stenosis- stiffening of the heart valve
Endocarditis- bacterial infection of the endocardium