INSULIN 
Definition
insulin is a peptide hormone that is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that regulate the storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in the cells.
Indications
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
Type 1 diabetes
Diabetic ketoacidosi
Diabetes treatment during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
Side effects
Weight gain
Edema
Blurry vision
Lipohypertrophy
Diabetic acidosis
Tachycardia
Hypokalemia
Hypoglycaemia and anxiety
Contraindications
Liver problems
kidney disease with reduction in kidney failure
Low amount of potassium in the blood
Anaphylaxis
Low blood sugar
Chills and confusion
Confusion
Types of insulin and their examples
Intermediate acting insulin includeHumulin and Novolin which are supplied in a vial and pen.
long acting insulin includes Lantus, Levemir, Tresiba and all are supplied in a vial and prefilled pen.
Short acting insulin includes Novolin,and Velosulin and both are supplied in a pump device and a vial.
Rapid acting insulin which includes Apidra,Novolog and Humalog and all are supplied in a cartridge,vial and prefilled pen.
How does the use of insulin affects the kidneys ?
High level of insulin can damage the kidney microvasculutre via oxidative stress and inflammation.
It can cause hyperinsulinemia which can cause macrovascular damage.
It increases the risk of renal problems
Generic name
It is called Insulin regular
Brand name
HumuLIN R, Myredlin,novoLIN R
Storage of insulin
Unopened insulin is stored in in the refrigerator
The expiring date will usually be one year from the date of purchase but you have to check the box to find out.
It is best stored in inside the fridge from 2 to 8 degrees celcius.
It is very sensitive to sunlight, indoor and extremely hot or cold temperature.
Use of insulin cause cardovascular problems which can lead to kidney damage.
It increases the the risk of kidney complications
Dosage for insulin
Total daily insulin requirements are generally between 0.5 to 1 unit/kg/day
Most individual with with type 1 diabetes should be treated with multiple-daily insulin
Regular human insulin is available in 2 concentrations of 100 units of insulin per mL (U-100) and 500 units of insulin per mL (U-500)
Mechanism of action
Glucose and other sugers ares transported away from the blood
Glucose is transported into the cells
Cell response is triggered
Insulin increase activity of glucose transporters
Insulin binds to an insulin receptor on cell membrane
Allergic reactions
It can be stored in room temperature of 15 to 25 degrees for 28 days
Routes of admninistration
Intravenously
Subcutanously