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Chemistry/Organic Molecules (Structure of Atoms (Protons (Positive (+)…
Chemistry/Organic Molecules
Structure of Matter
Elements
Pure substance that cant be broke down into simpler substances .92 are naturally occurring
Atoms- smallest particle of an element w. all properties of element
Protons
In nucleus, have positive charge
Neutrons
No Charge, In nucleus, has mass
Electrons
In energy shell, no mass, negative charge
Valence Electrons- an outmost shell, participate in bonding
Octet Rules; innermost shell fills w/2 electrons; other shells fill w. 8
Bonding- to fill vaence shell, atom bond to to other atoms
Forms molecules- smallest particle of a compund with same properties as a compound
Compounds- combinations of two or more elements, have dif. properties than component element
Covaent Bonding- electrons shared, paors go around both atoms
Ionic Bonding- electrons given/taken causes ions
Living organisms 99% composed of C.H.O.N
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen (important for life)
State of matter
Solid
water molecules have insufficient kinetic energy to escape attraction to other molecules and become locked in position Important state insulation, moderating temperature and as environmental storage of water of long periods of time.
Gas
water molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to move past other water molecules and completely break free from other water molecules. Important state for moderating temperature, distributing heat and water across the earth.
Liquid
water molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to move past other water molecules but not enough to completely break free from other water molecules. Important state for moderating temperature, carrying dissolved substances, and influencing shape of other molecules.
Organic Molecules
Lipids
Carbon, hydrogen , and oxygen (no set ratio between oxygen and hydrogen)
Long term energy storage, insulators, and to over nerves to keep electricity insulated.
Glycerol, choletsoral, fatty acids (monomers)
Saturated Fatty acids (are not good for you, stack on top of each other and clog arteries b/c of many hydrogen chains)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Double hydrogen covalent bonds, change shape so do not stack on top of each other (Liquid at room temp.)
Functional Group: Carboxly goup
Proteins
carbon, hydrgen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)
Structural Parts of Animals
Hormones- Insulin, adrenaline, Steroids (Fast acting hormones)
Antibodies- Immune system
Four Structures of Proteins; Monomer- amino-acid; R-group determines shape which determines function
20 amino acids, only 11 are made
Functional Groups: Amine Group
Nucleic Acids
CHON and P
genetic info. storage and planning- plans for making proteins
Small organic molecules and hook it up others make polymer
Dehydration synthesis (Take a hydroxide from one monomer and a oxygen from another. Put together to form water molecule.)
Nucleotides (monomer)
Phosphate group
Construction of Polymers through Dehydration Synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) - Always catalyzed by enzymes.
Hydrocarbons
contains only carbon and water
Fossilized fuels that our world depends on
Fertilizers, and pesticides (important for modern society)
Carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Main purpose is short-term energy storage molecule
Really important for plants b/c plants are made out of sugar (cellulose). Chitin in animals.
use for medium-term storage
Monomer- monosaccahride (sugar)
Functional Group: Hydroxyl Group
Enzyme Function
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions. Reactions that would never take place normally are made possible and speeded up enormously by enzymes. Enzymes are called organic catalysts – they facilitate reactions without being changed by the reaction itself.
Factors that change: heat an ph b/c change the shape of the protein which changes its function
Structure of Atoms
Protons
Positive (+)
Mass of 1 (Nucleus)
Neutrons
No Charge
Mass of 1 (Nucleus)
Electrons
Negative charges (electronic cloud).
Electron Cloud
Periodic table: # of valence electrons is columns, energy shells is rows
Chemical Bonding
Covalent
bonds between atoms that share electrons in order to complete the valence shells of each atom.
Polar/Hydorgen
Bonds between polar molecules (polar molecules have one side or pole which is negative and another which is positive. This happens because the atoms in a polar molecule do not equally share electrons).
Ionic
bonds between ionic atoms with opposite charges.
IONS: An atom that loses or gains valence electrons changes its electric charge and becomes a charged particle
ISOTOPES:Isotopes are distinct variations of the same element; the same element can different masses coming from variations in the number of neutrons. Since neutrons don't have electric charge, the chemical characteristics of isotopes of the same element are the same.
