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The Cardiovascular System By: Angelica Hernandez p.1 (Blood Vessels…
The Cardiovascular System
By: Angelica Hernandez p.1
The heart
Anatomy:
2 atria (L&R)- thin walled chambers
2 ventricles (L&R)- thick
separated by septum
atrioventricular (AV) valves: right( tricuspid) and left (bicuspid or mitral)
semilunar valves: after ventricles- pulmonary (before lungs) and aortic (comes before aorta)
Layers of the Heart:
Epicardium- thin layer of connective tissue
Myocardium: cardiac muscle, the layer that contracts
Endocardium: simple squamous epithelium, continuous with blood vessels
Blood flow through the heart & body:
1) poorly oxygenated blood flows in through the superior vena cava
2) It then enters the right atrium
3) flows through the tricuspid valve
4) It then enters the right ventricle
5) Flows through the pulmonary semilunar valve
6) It then goes through the pulmonary artery and into the lungs
7) As it goes through the lungs, highly oxgenated blood enters back into the heart through the pulmonary veins
8) Once it enter through the pulmonary veins, it enters the left atrium
9) It then goes the bicuspid valve
10) It is now in the left ventricle
11) It then is pushed up and through the aortic valve
12) It finally goes into the aorta and into the rest if the body
Major arteries
Blood Vessels
Arteries: carries blood away from the heart
high pressure blood
Arterioles: "small arteries"
between arteries and capillaries
Capillaries: smallest blood vessel and sites of gas exchange
only one layer
connects arterioles and venules
Venules: "small veins"
connects capillaries and veins
Veins: returns blood toward heart- flaplike valve to prevent back flow
Differences between Blood Vessels:
Arteries- high blood pressure
Veins- lumens larger; action of muscles
Capillaries- one thick cell; gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
Capillary beds- two types of vessels:
1) Vascular shunt= connects arteriole and venule
2) True capillaries= gas exchange by diffusion
Major Veins
Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Cardiac Cycle- each complete beat
each cycle is subdivided into systole (contraction phase) and diastole (relaxation phase)
ECG: the visible tracing of these electrical signals
-Three deflections or waves:
Pwave- associated with depolarization of the atria
ORS complex- associated with depolarization of the ventricles
T wave- associated with depolarization of the ventricles
Cardiovascular Diseases
Myocardial Infraction (heart attack): blood flow to part of the heart is blocked (heart attack)
Causes/risk factors: blood clot, plaque in coronary arteries, high blood pressure
Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, sweating, nausea
Treatment options: open heart surgery, coronary bypass, lifestyle change
Peripheral Artery Disease: arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Causes/risk factors: smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, family history
Symptoms: leg/arm pain, weak pulse, hair loss
Treatment options: medications, bypass surgery
Cardiovascular Accident (stroke): blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted (stroke)
Causes/risk factors: high blood pressure, age/race, poor lifestyle choices, diabetes
Symptoms: memory loss, confusion, muscle weakness
Treatment options: blood thinners, surgical intervention, physical therapy
Endocarditis & Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart
Causes/risk factors: virus, bacterial, or fungal infection, allergic reaction, heart valve damage
Symptoms: chest pain, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, edema
Treatment options: antibiotics, medication, reduced activity, pacemaker implantation
Congenital Heart Disease: issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
Causes/risk factors: tetralogy of fallot, tricuspid atresia, Epstein's anomaly, aortic stenosis
Symptoms: cyanosis, asymptomatic, may cause death
Treatment options: medication, surgical intervention, may heal on their own
