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Test 2 blood and cardiac system (Blood (Comprised of Plasma and formed…

- - - - Proteins: 7% of blood plasma
        
        Albumins make 54% of proteins
        
        Globulins 38%
        
        Fibrinogens make 7% of proteins
    - - made of WBC's and platelets, makes sm amount of blood
        
        Neutrophils make 60-70 % of WBC
  - - - Body fluid and temperator distribution (water has high heat capacity)
      - blood buffer help regulate Blood pH
      - Carries hormones
    - - Coagulation to prevent blood loss
      - callular immunity (WBC)
      - Humoral innunity by making antibodies
  - - - Erythorcyte facts
        
        NO nucleus, or organelles
        
        LIfe span 120 days, 4 month
        
        Flexible biconcave disc that becomes less flexible with age, shape allows more gax exchange, w more surface area.
        
        Erythoblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
        
        HEMOglobin
        
        globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chain ( 2 alpha and 2 beta chains)
        
        1 heme pigment attaches to each polypeptide chain
        
        each HEME has 1 ferrous iron (combines wit 1 oxygen) and 1 porphyrin ring
        
        4 Oxygen molecules bind per hemoglobin
        
        Carbon Dioxide binds to hemoglobin at polypeptide side NOT HEME
        
        HbA: Adult
        
        2 alpha and 2 beta chains
        
        Hb F: Fetal
        
        2 alpha and 2 gamma
        
        swithces at birth
        
        higher affinity for O2
        
        Hb: S modified Hb A
        
        sickle cell disease
        
        hypoxia induced Hb clumping low O2
        
        Hb as BUFFER
        
        BUffer to reduce pH changes
        
        Hydrogen ion binding to hemeglobin protein chain, decreasing affinity for O2
    - - Hematopoietic growth factors
        
        Erythropoietin (EPO)
        
        MADE IN KIDNEY, stimulates red bone marrow stem cells to produce red blood cell precursors. increases ocygen carrying capacity; TARGET TISSUE= RED BONE MARROW
        
        Regulation of erythropoiesis
        
        Hypoxia (lack of oxygen delivery to cells is sensed by Kidney-> increases erythtopoietin secreted into blood -> RBmarrow makes more reticulocyte enter blood -> larger # of RBC's into circulation
        
        NEED
        
        Iron- makes heme
        
        VItamin B12 and folic acid : cofactors for enxymes for DNA), production of RBC's and precursers
        
        Intrinsic Factor
        
        1 more item...
        
        Thrombopoietin (TPO)
        
        MADE IN LIVER: stimulates platelet production from megakaryocytes
        
        Granulocyte MAcrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
        
        (GM-CSF): stimulates WBC production.GIven to replaceWBC killd by chemo
  - - - O2 released in tissue->metabolism in tissue
        
        HEmeglobin have higher affinity for )2 in the lungs
    - - CO has higher affinity to HEME than O2, preventing O2 from binding, leading to no O2
- - - - Passes pulminary valve to Pumlinary artery(lungs)
        
        Pulminary veins go to left atrium
        
        passes mital/ bicuspid valve into left ventricle
        
        passes aortic valve to Aorta, sends to body
        
        Left ventricle
        
        chordae tendineae anchor bicuspid valve to papillary muscles in LV
        
        aortic semilunar valves regulate blood flow into aorta, just above valve OPENING OF CORONARY ARTERY
        
        LEft atrium: Recieves blood from 4 pulminary veins
      - Right ventricle
        
        forms most of anterior view
        
        Chordae tendineae attach AV valves to papillary miscles on ventricular walls
        
        pulmonary semilunar valves regulates blood flow into pulminary trunk
    - - recieves blood from superior and inferior vena cava & coronary sinus
      - seperated by septum (other atrium)
      - Fossa ovalis is remnant of fetal foramen ovale
  - - - Fibrous pericardium (outer): anchors to diaphragm, prevents over stretch
      - Serous pericardium (inner): secretes fluid to lubricate heart, has parietal and visceral layer
      - Myocardium: muscular layer
        
        endocadium: inner most layer, inside of heart
        
        Cardiac muscle histology
        
        Branching cells, joined by intercalated discs with gap junctions
        
        cardiac muscle cells are involuntary & striated
      - Pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid
    - - what structure does heart rest on?
      - which layer of pericardium is inner most layer?
      - Entry points of the heart?
      - what is heart muscle called?
      - mediastium and heart infection?
      - Is oxygenated blood in L or R side?
      - differences btw 2 functional pumps?
      - which ventricle has thicker wall?
      - where does coronary sinus drain?
      - how many cusps in the right AV valves?
      - will AV valves and SL valves open at the same time?
      - pacemaker?
      - what is function of fibrous skeleton?
      - consequences of papillary muscle failure?
    - - ATRIA are thin walled, producing little pressure (receiving)
      - VENTRICLE walls that are much thicker and stronger
        
        RIght ventricle supplies low pressure floe to the lungs
        
        Left ventricle wall is thicker to supply systemic circulation
    - - dense conn tissue rings around heart valves
      - insertion for muscle bundles
      - Electrical insulator btw atria and ventricles
  - - - 2 atroventricular valves
        
        tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral
        
        AV nodes are normally oprn and allow blood entering the atria to flow into the ventricle
        
        During ventricular contraction AV laves close to prevent backflow
        
        chordae tendinae and pap muscles prevent valve cusp from everting
      - 2 Semilunar valves
        
        pulminary and aortic
        
        aortic valve and pulmonary valve
        
        three pocket arrangment
        
        SL valves are closed at rest, bc high pressure
        
        SL valves open when ventricles contract
    - - Most is RIght ventricle
    - - most is Left ventricle
  - - - drains into large sinus on posterir surface (coronary sinus)
      - coronary sinus empties into right atrium