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Heart attack patient (PHYSIOLOGY (pathway of blood flow (Pulmonary…

- - - - Valves
        
        Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic): prevent back-flow from major arteries back into ventricles
        
        Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral): prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
  - - - tricuspid and mitral valves= first heart sound (S1)
      - pulmonary and aortic SV valve= second heart sound (S2)
  - - - amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute= heart rate x stroke volume
    - - volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each beat; correlates with force of contraction
- - - - Type 2 diabetes: can be associated with diabetic dyslipidema= premature coronary heart disease
        
        Low blood pressure (95/55)
        
        atrial fibrillation (125 beats/min=to high; 30 breaths/min= shortness of breath)
        
        inadequate blood flow to the heart
- - - - Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile muscle cells
      - Endocardium: innermost layer; continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels, lines heart chambers
      - Epicardium: visceral pericardium
    - - left and right atria: receiving chambers
      - left and right ventricles: discharging chambers
      - interatrial septum: separates atria
      - Fossa Ovalis: remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart
      - intraventricular septum: seperates ventricles
      - Trabeculae carneae: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
      - Papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity; thicker walls than atria
    - - serous pericardium; also has two layers (parietal & visceral layers)
      - fibrous pericardium
    - - coronary sulcus: encircles junction of atria and ventricles
      - anterior interventricular sulcus: anterior position of intraventricular septum
      - Posterior interventricular sulcus: landmakr of posteroinferior surface
    - - inferior vena cava: returns blood from body regions below diaphragm
      - Coronary Sinus: returns blood from coronary veins
      - superior vena cava: returns blood from regions above diaphragm
      - Pulmonary veins: return blood from lungs
      - Cardiac veins: collect blood from capillary beds
    - - aorta: largest artery in the body
      - Coronary arteries: arise from base of aorta and supply atrial blood to heart; encircle heart in coronary sulcus
    - - Atrioventricular valves
        
        tricuspid valve: right AV valve; made of 3 cusps
        
        mitral valve: left AV valve; made of 2 cusps
      - semilunar valves
        
        pulmonary valve: right SL valve; between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
        
        Aortic valve: left SL valve; between left ventricle and aorta