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Chapter 2: Research Methodology (Vocabulary (research (careful collection,…
Chapter 2: Research Methodology
Scientific methods
Naturalistic observation
watch behavior in real world settings WITHOUT TRYING TO MANIPULATE situation
External validity: how well findings GENERALIZE to REAL WORLD
Case studies
a person or small number of people studied IN DEPTH, often over extended time
self-report
report directly on your own behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, intentions
evaluating measures
reliability: is it CONSISTENT OVER TIME and BETWEEN PEOPLE
Validity: does it asses what it PURPORTS TO MEASURE
Advantages/disadvantages of self-report
advantages
cheap/easy to administer
(sometimes) valid
disadvantages
malingering: appear worse than you really are
response sets: appear better than you really are
Correlation designs
examines extent to which 2 variables are ASSOCIATED with each other
variable: anything that can "vary" between individuals
positive, negative, or zero
perfect: r=1 or r=-1
negative: as one thing goes up, the other goes down
positive: as one thing goes up, the other goes up
zero: no correlation
Experimental designs
RANDOM assignment of participants to conditions
MANIPULATION of independent variable
independent variable: experimenter manipulates
dependent variable: experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation produced an effect
Pitfalls in experimental design
placebo effect: improvement because of expectation of improvement
blind: unaware of being in the experimental or control group
experimenter expectancy effect: hypotheses lead them unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
double blind: neither researchers nor participants are aware of who is in control vs. experimental group
Ethical guidelines for human research
informed consent: inform participants of what's involved in a study
deception: only if warranted and inform participants ASAP after
protect from harm and discomfort
debrief: explain purpose of study and answer questions
Descriptive statistics
central tendency measures: numerical characterizations to describe data
mean
median
mode
describe what's what
variability: how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
range
standard deviation: how far each point is from the mean
Inferential statistics
mathematical model to determine whether we can GENERALIZE findings from SAMPLE to POPULATION
statistical significance: this did not occur by chance
practical significance: Do your results have real life applications and meaning?
Vocabulary
research
careful collection, analysis, and interpretation of data
data
collection of measurements gathered during research process
scientific method
observing and measuring phenomena, used to achieve goals of description, prediction, control and explanation; interaction between research, theories, hypotheses
theory
model of how a phenomenon works
hypothesis
specific, testable prediction
replication
repetition of research study to confirm or contradict the results
participant observation
researcher is INVOLVED in the situation
reactivity
the knowledge that one is being observed alters their behavior
observer bias
errors in observation because of an observer's expectations
directionality problem
cannot determine which variable caused changes in the other variable
third variable problem
another, unmeasured variable might be the actual cause of differences in the 2 variables of interest
operational definition
a definition that describe and measures a variable so the variable can be understood objectively
confound
anything that affects a dependent variable and may UNINTENTIONALLY VARY between experimental conditions of a study
population
everyone in the group
sample
subset of a population
selection bias
unintended differences between participants in different group; could be caused by NONRANDOM ASSIGNMENT
culturally sensitive research
studies that take into account the role that culture plays in determining thoughts, feelings, and actions
meta-analysis
Validity
construct validity: the extent to which variables measure WHAT THEY'RE SUPPOSED TO MEASURE
external validity: degree to which findings can be GENERALIZED to other people, setting, stituations
internal validity: degree to which the effects observed are because of the INDEPENDENT variable and NOT TO CONFOUNDS
reliability: degree to which a measure is stable and consistent over time
accuracy: degree to which an experimental measure is free from error