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Global Systems & Governance (Asian Tigers (Reasons for growth (Export…
Global Systems & Governance
Asian Tigers
Reasons for growth
Export-orientated industries
Close to emerging China
Large well-educated workforce
Located on existing trade routes
Singapore + Hong Kong are major ports
No or reduce tariffs
Aid + investment from USA
Why they might not have developed
Limited local markets with low incomes
Mass immigration of poor refugees to Asian Tigers place pressure on resources
Few raw materials
History
Money earned from exports was invested in new industries that were making items that had previously been imported. These are known as import substitution industries and included, iron and steel, shipbuilding, chemicals and fashionable clothes
Money saved by reducing imports was invested into higher-level manufacturing of computers, televisions and cars designed for export. These are known as export-oriented industries and earned the Asian Tigers much needed foreign currency.This currency. This currency was used to re-pay loans, invest in expanding industries, and improve productivity education and skills.
Governments in the 1950's -60's encouraged traditional labour-intensive industries, which they could produce more cheaply than the old industrial countries. TNC's were atrracted by cheap labour and local raw materials
Impacts of development
Positive
South Korea developed it's own TNC's
Singapore is the 7th highest in the world HDI
Thriving high-tech industries in Taiwan
South Korea boasts world's greatest % of people with internet access
Negative
Lost competitive advantage to China
Growth in 1990's was too rapid so couldn't pay back loans
Ageing population
Apple
Production
A number of Taiwanese companies competed for the Apple manufacturing contract, which forced down production costs in China
Shenzen was the location of China's first and most successful special Economic Zone offering a number of incentives to attract foreign companies
Large source of highly skilled but low paid workers in China
Impacts on countries in which it operates
China
In 2010 fifty workers in Suzhou were poisoned by toxic chemicals used to clean iPad screens.
There is child labour at Foxconn, children subject to the same working conditions
poor working conditions, 60+ hours a week, around $100 a month, half of which taken up by living expenses
Suicides due to poor working conditions and low wages at Apple factories
Ireland
Employs 4000 workers directly
Generated up to a further 2500 jobs for workers employed as part of the supply chain
Apple's presence has attracted other high-tech firms to the area
Infrastructural improvements in the area
many workers are foreign nationals, so Apple is accused of not creating sufficient work for local people
Spatial organisation
HQ in Cupertino, California
3 further data centres in USA
European HQ in Cork, Ireland
Assembly of products outsourced to Foxconn in China
Global Organisations
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Promotes free trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and other barriers
Criticsed to be too powerful, run by the rich for the rich, and indifferent to the impact of free trade on workers' rights
International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
Chairman created policies which benefitted his company
Created to provide policy makers with regular scientific assessments on climate change
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Responsible for the creation and maintenance of the international monetary system
Some have criticised it to be undemocratic and inhumane
World Bank
Over the past decade an estimated 3.4 million people have been displaced by bank-funded projects
Aims to reduce the share of global population that lives in poverty to 3% by 2030
Antarctica
Threats
Climate change
Western Antarctic Ice Sheet - air temp. increase of 3°C in the last 50 years
Eastern sea ice increased dramatically
Distribution of penguin colonies has changed
Melting of snow and ice has increased the colonisation by plants
Decline in Antarctic Krill
Glaciers and ice shelves have retreated and even collapsed, increasing the sea level
Ocean acidification leads to loss of organisms, disrupting food webs
Tourism and scientific research
Scientific Research Impacts
Construction of buildings
Fuel storage
Vehicle exhausts
Disposal of waste, e.g. rope, fuel drums, and plastics
Runways
Tourism Impacts
Summer tourist season coincides with peak wildlife breeding periods
Demand for fresh water is difficult to meet
Antarctic ecosystem is fragile - disturbances leave their imprint for a long time
Over-flying by light planes and helicopters causes some stress to breeding colonies of penguins and other birds
The unique legal status of Antarctica makes enforcement of any code of behaviour difficult
Protection of Antarctica
Governmental Organisations
Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
Antarctic Treaty 1959
Freedom to conduct scientific research
Prohibits nuclear explosions and disposal of radioactive waste
Antarctica should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, military activity is prohibited
Sets aside the potential for sovereignty disputes between Treaty parties
Madrid Protocol 1991
Negotiated by the UN and treaty members
Gives extra protection to the environment of Antarctica, especially against mineral exploration
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
International Whaling Moratorium 1982
Does not affect 'aboriginal subsistence whaling' carried out in Alaska, Greenland, and parts of Canada
Pause on commercial whaling from the 1985/86 season onwards
Japan evades the moratorium by 'special permit' whaling
Norway and Iceland take whales commercially under objection to the moratorium
NGO's
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
Initiates, develops, and coordinates the scientific research efforts taking place on Antarctica
Operates in advisory capacity to organisations such as the ATCM and the UN. Advises on the science and conservation affecting the governance of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
Formed in response to the concern that members of the Atlantic Treaty were negotiating mineral and gas exploitaton
Was granted observer status in the ATS in 1991, and is now able to attend annual meetings
Group of over 30 NGO's from around the world, including Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and WWF
Objectives
Establishing a network of marine reserves, including the Ross Sea
Sustainably managing Southern Ocean fisheries
Negotiating a legally binding Polar Code covering all vessels in the Southern Ocean
Regulating Antarctic tourism
Mitigating the impacts of climate change
Differential Access to Markets