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organism structure (organisation structure (levels of organisation, cell…

- - - - Proteins are made up of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S).
      - Proteins can give structural support, and many have important roles in chemical reactions in living organisms.
      - Proteins are made out of units called amino acids.
      - There are different amino acids, and the order of amino acids affects the shape of the protein molecules, which affects its structure and function.
      - Enzymes and antibodies are two types of protein that have 'active sites'. These are areas of the protein that have to be a specific shape for the protein to function properly.
    - - Carbohydrates are made of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).
      - They can be useful for structural support, and also as a source of stored energy.
      - notes
        
        Glucose is a small carbohydrate (a sugar).
        
        Starch (a store of energy in plants) is made up of glucose units.
        
        Glycogen (a store of energy in animals) is made up of glucose.
        
        Glucose units are arranged differently to make these different molecules.
    - - Lipids are made up of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).
      - These are fats and oils. They make up cell membranes, and are also an important source of stored energy.
      - Lipids are made up of two units: molecules called fatty acids and a molecule called glycerol.
      - The number of and type fatty acids in the lipid determines its structure.
  - - - To catalyse (speed up) a reaction, the reacting chemical (substrate) must bind to the enzyme's active site.
      - The active site will only fit specific substrates.
    - - The active site is like a lock and the substrate is like a key.
      - In the same way, there is usually only one enzyme for every substrate (or one key for each lock).
      - The active site is like a lock and the substrate is like a key.
      - In the same way, there is usually only one enzyme for every substrate (or one key for each lock).
    - - notes
        
        Enzymes have an optimum pH (measure of acidity).
        
        If the pH changes away from the optimum pH, then the enzyme activity decreases.
        
        If the pH is too low or too high, then the enzyme is denatured and will not function.
    - - notes
        
        Increasing the temperature of a working enzyme initially increases the reacting activity.
        
        Enzymes have an optimum temperature. Once this temperature is reached, the activity decreases.
        
        Past a certain temperature, the active site changes shape, and the enzyme is denatured (loses its catalytic activity).