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1. Introduction to Research
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1. Introduction to Research
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Research
- Systematic process of inquiry
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- Problems, undertake inquiry, gain understanding
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- Systemic process of inquiry based on empirical-rational principles
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Types of Research
1. Basic
- Process of collecting and analysing information to develop and enhance a theory
Theory Development
- Many research studies conducted over time
- May not be concerned with the immediate utility of their findings
- Example - Early work of Skinner on reinforcement
2. Applied
- Evaluate its usefulness in solving practical problems
- Not building a new theory or generalising beyond specific context
- Seeking specific helpful information
- Example - Will the theory of multiple intelligence help improve my students' learning?
3. Evaluation
- Far end of applied research
Making decisions
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- Value educational programmes, products, practices
- Formative evaluation - Monitor ongoing process
- Summative evaluation - Decision
- Example - Is this special science programme worth its costs? Is the new reading curriculum better than the old one?
Quantitative Research
- Collection and analysis of numerical data
- Questionnaires, tests, checklists, formal paper-pencil instruments
- Maintain control over contextual factors that might interfere with data collected
- Use large samples of participants (provide statistically meaningful data)
- Employ data analyses that rely on statistical procedures
- Researchers have less interaction with participants
- State hypotheses and research procedures
Purpose
Secondary
- Raise new topics / questions to study
- Use results in appropriate contexts
- Help others understand research results
Primary
- Ongoing process of understanding things
- Inquiry to gain understanding about some problems
Qualitative Research
- Collection and analysis of nonnumerical data
- Observations, interviews, videotaping
- Do not accept views of stable, coherent, uniform world
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