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The Research Process (Insufficiently motivated research questions do not…

- - - - Ontology refers to the assumptions about how we see the world. Epistemology refers to the assumptions about the way best way to study the world.
- - - - Functionalist research is broken down into 3 phases: exploration, research design, and research execution.
      - Exploration- exploring and selecting research questions for further investigation and examining the published literature in the area of inquiry to understand the knowledge in the area but also to identify the theories that may help answer the research questions of interest.
    - - Second step is literature review divided into 3 parts. 1) survey the current state knowledge in the area of inquiry 2) to identify key authors, articles, theories, and findings in that area 3) identify gaps in knowledge in that research area. Literature review is done using computerized keyword searches in online databases.
        
        Last step is to identify 1 or more theories that can help address the desired research questions. A theory helps identify which constructs is the most logical and relevant to the target phenomenon.
        
        Research design in the next phase in the research process where a blueprint of activities is created to take satisfactory answers in the research questions.
        
        Operationalization* is the process of designing accurate measures for abstract theoretical constructs. This process can cause a major problem with many constructs like prejudice, alienation, and liberalism and it starts with specifying an "operational definition."
        
        Research method- make use of collecting data to address their research questions of interest.
        
        A sampling strategy allows researchers to be particular in choosing a target population from which the data is collected. The sampling strategy is closely to the unit of analysis in a research problem. Samples must be carefully selected to avoid having a bias sample that will result in biased observations.
        
        This stage allows for a research proposal to be written covering all of the stages of the research process and explaining why. The proposal should address the research questions one wishing to study and why, the expertise of knowledge of the content area, theories that can be used with hypotheses to be tested, how measure constructs, what research method is used and why, and thee sampling strategy.
        
        Research execution consist of subjects, concepts, and research method which also includes testing measurement instruments, data collection, and data analysis. Subjects- who or what to study. Concepts- what to measure. Research method- how to collect data.
        
        Pilot testing- detect potential problems in your research design and/or instrumentation which can noted if a question asked is intelligible to the targeted simple). Also, measurement instruments used in the study are reliable and valid measures of the constructs of interest.
        
        Data collection is done after pilot testing is successful using sampled population. The data collected can be quantitative or qualitative, depending on the research method employed
        
        Research report is the last phase of the research process. It is a document that is in the form of a research paper, dissertation, or monograph. It outlines the details of all the choices made during the research process and why the outcomes of each phase of the research process.