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YEAR 10 Geography (7 Key Concepts :red_flag: (Environment (Natural (Made…

- - - - Made by nature
      - Generally untouched by humans
      - Example: Waterfall
    - - Made by people
      - Example: Library
  - - - location
        
        where things are located
        
        example: where ar the building located
      - spatial distribution
        
        shapes and patterns in arrangement
        
        example: how many buildings in an area
      - organisation
        
        how and why they are arranged
        
        example:what purpose do the buildings serve
  - - - Made by nature
      - Example: Desert or grassland
      - Provide resources
    - - Made by humans
      - Example: City
    - - Perceive
        
        ways in which different groups of people see/use environment
        
        Why these perceptions matter
      - Change
        
        Ways in how people change the environment
        
        How these changes can be managed
      - Impact
        
        environmental hazards on people
        
        how the impact of these hazards can reduce
  - - - examples; festivals
      - school
    - - examples: internet
      - alliances during war
    - - example: the water cycle
      - fertile soil
  - - - replace themselves
      - Examples: water and wind
    - - will run out if we keep using them
      - examples: oil and coal
  - - - large
        
        global
        
        example: pandemic, climate change
      - small
        
        national
        
        example: drought, flood
  - - - some processes slow
      - some processes fast
      - can be local or global
    - - building
      - clearing of land
    - - climate
      - natural disasters
- - - - the Equator is an imaginary line splitting the world into North and South
      - Vertical
    - - Prime Meridian is the line that splits world into East and West
      - sometime called greenwich meridian, goes through Britain
      - Horizontal
  - - - distance between lines
      - example; the contour interval of a map could be 10m
    - - Hilly
      - Mountainous
      - Flat
- - - - mining valuables and fossil fuels in earth
        
        run out of resources
        
        species extinction
      - removing trees for farming/land
        
        carbon dioxide increase
        
        salinity
        
        erosion
        
        desertification
      - damming/diverting rivers for electricity and drinking water
        
        drought
        
        species extinction
      - dumping waste in land, water and air
        
        soil infertility
        
        poisoned water
  - - - removal of trees - desertification, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, trophic cascade
      - damming rivers - loss of biodiversity, species endangered, soil erosion
      - mining - land clearing, loss of biodiversity, species endangered, desertification
      - pollution - soil infertility, species endangered
    - - removal of trees/forests for farming and infrastructure
      - damming and diverting rivers for electricity and drinking
      - mining for valuable materials
      - dumping waste materials
    - - provides ecosystem services to humans
      - humans would perish without them
    - - soil degredation
        
        loss of fertility to soil
        
        often due to chemical change
        
        causes:
        
        compacted by large hooved animals/machinery
        
        loss of nutrients due to overfarming
        
        salinity
        
        trees are removed; long roots are removed
        
        water table rises with salt
        
        salt is brought to topsoil, making soil unstable for vegetation/crops
        
        build up of fertiliser (acidity raised)
        
        effect:
        
        effected soil cannot sustain crops
        
        less food is produced
        
        vegetation can't regrow
        
        food famine
      - soil erosion
        
        soil worn away by natural processes
        
        mainly wind or rain
        
        causes:
        
        clearing of trees leaves land vulnerable to erosion
        
        topsoil is lost due to wind or gully erosion
        
        effect:
        
        no topsoil to sustain vegetation or crops
        
        less production of food
        
        desertification
        
        trophic cascade
  - - - Humans dump waste chemicals into atmosphere
        
        Vehicle exhaust
        
        emission from coal fired power plants
        
        factories
        
        farming (methane from cows)
        
        industrial accidents
      - Humans clear forests for agriculture and infrastructure
        
        less tree to absorb oxygen
        
        more CO2 in the atmosphere
    - - Ozone layer
        
        shields Earth from Sun's ultraviolet rays
        
        exposure to this leads to:
        
        lower productivity of plants
        
        increased rates of cancer (mainly skin)
        
        10k above Earth's surface, sits a concentration of ozone
        
        molecules that contain three atoms of oxygen
      - atmosphere gases
        
        mathane
        
        carbon dioxide
        
        nitrous oxide
        
        fluorinated gases
        
        gases that surround Earth trap heat to keep Earth from freezing
    - - increased rates of:
        
        asthma
        
        lung diseases
        
        heart diseases
      - 3.5 million deaths a year (outdoor pollution)
        
        fires
        
        traffic exhaust
        
        factory/power plant emissions
      - 4.3 million deaths a year (indoor pollution)
        
        coal
        
        dried animal waste
      - Climate change
        
        increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere
        
        found naturally but increased by human activities
        
        gases trap heat, causing temperature to rise
  - - - built to allow a reservoir of water to build up behind the dam which can then be used for human needs
        
        irrigation of farms
        
        reliable water supply for towns/cities
        
        electrivity
        
        recreation
      - disrupts the flow of water
        
        flooding in some areas
        
        droughts in other areas
      - disrupts ecosystem services
        
        provision of fresh water
        
        fertile soil
        
        food productivity
      - cuts off migration paths for organisms
    - - contamination of rivers, lakes, streams, oceans and wetlands
      - result of human activities
        
        shipping
        
        fishing
        
        oil drilling
      - land activities can also pollute water ways
        
        use of fertilisers
        
        littering
        
        clearing of land
        
        processing sewage
      - results of polluting
        
        loss of access to safe, clean water
        
        organisms in water die
        
        important food sources are lost
        
        can result in wide spread famine
- - - - almost entirely by humans
      - five main causes
        
        habitat change - deforestation
        
        over exploitation of resources such as water
        
        pollution of land, water and air
        
        spread of invasive species such as cane toads
        
        climate change brought by human activity
  - - - bee pollination
      - food and fibre
      - fresh water supplies
- - - - natural products used/converted by humans for use
      - examples:
        
        Coal - used for fuel
        
        Fruit - used as food
        
        Timber - used to build infrastructure, furniture, ect.
    - - processes in environment that absorb waste
      - examples:
        
        Trees removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
        
        bacteria in soil breaking down waste
        
        micro organisms break down oil spills
    - - things done for us indirectly; don't produce consumable products
      - examples:
        
        bees pollinating flowers
        
        wetlands filtering water
        
        soil providing nutrients to grow food
        
        coral reefs protecting coastline from erosion
    - - personal relationships humans have with environment
      - examples:
        
        ancient Mayan civilisations worshipping sun
        
        surfers riding waves
        
        people listening to rain