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She went to the emergency room for breathing difficulty, and upon…

- - - - nose
      - external nose
      - discription, general and distinctive features
        
        jutting external portion is supported by bone and cartilage. internal nasal cavity is divided by midline nasal septum and lined with mucosa
        
        function
        
        produces mucus; filters, warms,and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
        
        roof of nasal cavity contains olfactory epithelium
        
        function
        
        receptors for sense of smell
    - - mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding nasal cavity
        
        function
        
        lighten skull; may also warm, moisten,and filter incoming air.
    - - passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus.
        
        three subdivisions
        
        oropharynx
        
        anatomy
        
        palatine tonsil
        
        isthmus of fauces
        
        laryngopharynx
        
        nasopharynx
        
        air passageway, pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium takes over the job of propelling mucus where the nasal mucosa leaves off
        
        anatomy
        
        pharyngeal tonsil
        
        tubal tonsil
        
        opening of pharyngotympanic tube
        
        function facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
  - - - function
        
        air passageway: prevents food from entering the lower respiratory tract
        
        voice production
      - epiglotis
      - glottis
      - vocal folds
        
        vocal ligaments- elastic fibers,vibrate to produce sound
    - - air passageway:cleans, warm, and moistens incoming air
        
        tissues
        
        submucosa
        
        connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa, contains seromucosa glands produce mucosa sheets
        
        hyaline cartilage
        
        mucosa
        
        same goblet cell containing pseudo stratified epithelium
        
        cilia continually propel debris-laden mucus toward the pharynx
        
        adventitia
        
        supports submucosa by 16 to 20c shaped rings
        
        trachealis
    - - air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans,warms, and moistens the incoming air
        
        conducting zones
        
        right
        
        wider, shorter, more vertical
        
        more common for an inhaled foreign object to get stuck here
        
        subdivisions
        
        lobar(secondary) bronchi
        
        2 more items...
        
        third segmental (tertiary) bronchi
        
        left
        
        zone structures
    - - main site of mass exchange
        
        cells found in here
        
        type 1) Squamous epithelial cells that form the major part of the alveolar walls.
        
        type 2)
        
        cuboidal epithelial cells that are scattered among the type on cells
        
        secrete a fluid contain a detergant-like substance called surfactant- coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
        
        secrete a number of antimicrobial proteins that are important elements of innate immunity
        
        macrophages crawl freely along the internal alveolar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and other debris
      - anatomy of alveoli
        
        terminal bronchiole
        
        respiratory bronchioles
        
        areolar duct connective tissue, smooth muscle
        
        alveoli-gas filled most of lung volume(grapes)
        
        alveolar sac-holds grapes
    - - houses respiratory passages smaller than main bronchi
      - anatomy
        
        tissue surrounded by pleura and connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchi attachments
        
        called a root
        
        2 lungs
        
        left
        
        right
      - diaphragm which is the base
    - - produce lubricating fluid and compartments
  - - - internal respiration
        
        exchange of gases between tissues and blood
      - cellular respiration
        
        metabolic reactions that produce energy
      - external respiration
        
        breathing air in and out lungs
    - - when air passes through the vocal cords
    - - bring oxygen in and carbon out
      - ventilation-perfusion coupling
        
        (v/q) represent efficiency of two variables; v- ventilation- the air reaching the alveoli and q- perfusing- blood reaching alveoli
      - composition of alveolar gas
        
        mixture of co2 diffusing from blood and o2 from environment and other airborne gasses
      - daltons law of partial pressure
        
        the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gasses
      - henrys law
        
        solubility of a gas is proportional to its partial pressure
      - internal respiration
        
        gas exchange between blood and tissues
      - external respiration
        
        gas exchange between environment and blood
  - - - respiration volumes
        
        expiration reverse volume (ERV)
        
        total amount of air that can be forcefulling exhaled, beyond tidal volume
        
        used to measure elasticity of the lungs and chest wall
        
        residual volume(RV)
        
        total amount of air left in lungs following following forced expiration
        
        tidal volume(TV)
        
        TOTAL amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing
        
        inspiration resolve volume (IRV)
        
        used to measure compliance of lungs
        
        total amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled, beyond tidal volume.
      - respiratory capacities
        
        vital capacity (vc)
        
        total amount of air the lungs are able to hold
        
        TV+IRV+ERV=VC
        
        inspiratory capacity (IC)
        
        total ability to inspire
        
        TV+IRV=IC
        
        Functional residual capacity(FRC)
        
        volume of air left in the lungs after exhalation in quiet breathing
        
        ERV+RV=FRC
        
        total lung capacity(TLC)
        
        total amount of air capacity of the lungs
        
        TV+IRV+ERV+RV=TLC
      - alveolar ventilations
        
        Minute ventilation
        
        total amount of gas that flows into and out of the respiratory tract in 1 min
        
        Areolar ventilation rate (ARV)
        
        Pulmonary function test
        
        forced expiratory capacity
        
        measures how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath.
        
        forced vital capacity
        
        is the total amount of air exhaled during the FEV test.
  - - - takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy. Usually, this process uses oxygen, and is called aerobic respiration.
    - - if there's a lot of carbon dioxide in the body then there is more hydrogen ions too.the ph will be lower.
      - if ph isn't constant then the proteins in the body can't function.
    - - tuberculosis
      - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      - asthma
      - lung cancer
  - - - in the brain, regulates breathing
      - chemoreceptors
        
        sense the change In blood ph and relays information to the brain
    - - rapid breathing that results in increasing loss of carbon dioxide
  - - - dissolve ed in plasma
      - part part of plasma buffer system
    - - carried by haemoglobin
    - - most converted to carbonic acid or bicarbonate
      - some dissolved in plasma
      - carried by hemoglobin
  - - - inflammation makes it difficult for oxygen to pass through the alveoli into the bloodstream
    - - Shortness of breath
      - Cough
      - Fatigue
    - - Drugs
      - Molds and bacteria.
  - - - Lung
        
        At sea level carbon dioxide is the main stimulus to ventilation.
        
        At altitude hypoxia does increase ventilation, but usually only when the inspired oxygen pressure is reduced
        
        with further increases in hypoxia ventilation rises exponentially
- - - - Wheezing is a common symptom of various respiratory disorders that cause tightening in the throat
        
        Common causes
        
        cold
        
        asthma
        
        allergies
        
        serious conditions
        
        chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
    - - Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs
        
        In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can accumulate for other reasons, including pneumonia, exposure to certain toxins and medications, trauma to the chest wall, and visiting or exercising at high elevations.
  - - - effects
        
        Atherosclerosis, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes, may be considered a disease of aging, because it typically becomes a problem later in life after plaques of cholesterol have built up and partially blocked arteries
      - dentified as a cause
        
        that can occur in anyone of any age, but is more common in young children and the elderly.
        
        causes include Influenza A or B ("the flu"), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, and adenovirus
    - - effects
        
        the virus will be in the lungs which will destroy the tissues
        
        psuedocilliated stratified epithelium
        
        location
        
        trachea
        
        the cilia dies which builds up mucus in the lungs and at the end everything ends in. pneumonia
        
        simple squamous epithelium
        
        location
        
        lungs
        
        if these fill up a side affect would be
        
        1 more item...
    - - effects
        
        Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to a specific genotype that results in impaired transport of chloride ions across cell membranes, leading to the production of abnormally thick mucus.
      - dentified as a cause
  - - - The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
        
        The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood. The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
        
        respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.
        
        The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
        
        The system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
        
        heart pumps blood throughout body
        
        veins move blood back to heart
        
        arteries move blood away from heart
        
        capillaries get blood to and from cells
    - - brings supplies to cells
      - carries away wastes
      - separates oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood
      - if the lady is having difficulty breath they will not be able to transport oxygen to her circulatory system and will be slowed down and eventually might have. heart attack or no will reach her heart and stop pumping