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S3 atomics (atoms (quantum numbers (ground term \(^{2S+1}L_J\) (\(L=\sum m…
S3 atomics
atoms
quantum numbers
\(\ell\) varies from \(0\rightarrow n-1\) and corresponds to the orbitals \(s,p,d,f,...\)
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\(m_l\) varies from \(-\,\ell\rightarrow +\,\ell\)
\(s\) or \(m_s\) can have \(+\frac{1}{2}\) or \(-\frac{1}{2}\)
Electron-electron repulsion is reduced with parallel spin
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zeeman effect
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Energy levels are split by external electric fields
\(\ell\) levels split into different \(m_l\) with gap
\(\Delta E =\mu_B B_m\)
where \(mu_B\) is the Bohr magneton (const.)
nuclear
Decay modes
Nuclei on the mass parabola move right by \(\beta^-\) decay - \(Z\rightarrow Z+1\)
They move left by \(\beta^+\) decay - \(Z\rightarrow Z-1\) - or electron capture
If \(Q_\alpha>0\), a nucleus can decay by \(\alpha\) emission
Isobars for odd \(A\) have two parabolas; odd \(Z\) is higher than even \(Z\) because the pairing term is lower between like nucleons
This can lead to two or more stable isobars
Fission and fusion
Nuclei undergo fission due to Coulombic repulsion in the nucleus
Note the reduction in Coulombic energy is greater than the resulting increase in surface area
