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Topic 6 (Foundation (Shallow (Forms (Continuous Strip Wall Footing…

- - - - Continuous Strip Wall Footing
        
        Footings for wall
        
        Resist Sliding/Overturning
        
        Span over uneven ground
      - Isolated Footing For Single Column
        
        Cantilever effect from concentration column
        
        reinforced in 2 directions
      - Combined Footing
        
        Closely spaced columns single footing
        
        Column to other
      - Raft or Mat
        
        Big Pad
        
        Thickness of Raft ( punching shear )
  - - - driven pile/displacement /non replacement piles
        
        Drive preformed piles into the ground by using piling hammer
      - Bored pile/Replacement piles
        
        Boring rig to drill hole of require depth
        
        concrete poured inside to form bored pile
  - - - Excavate soil to reduce level using Backactor
    - - Add reinforcement bars then the
        casting of concrete
- - - - i removal of the exposed layer of the earth's surface.
        
        top soil can be stock piled and restore to the site to plant vegetation
      - bulldozer and backactors
    - - removal of the layers of soil immediately under the topsoil and above hard strata of soil.
    - - Excavate with with systematic drilling and blasting
        
        boulder larger than 0.5 m^3
        
        Shale from compression of layers of clay over many many years
    - - Combination of all the excavator
  - - - Removal of all material between original and top of any material acceptable for permanent embankment
    - - Portion where the high is cut where stripping is complete that terminate at the line of the finished bottom of base course called subgrade.
    - - Excavation for a long and narrow e.g Sewer Gas pipe
    - - Large volume of soil being excavated to reduce level or constructing basement
    - - Digging of a column or pile
        cap foundation for a building manholes and inspection chamber for deep sewer connections.