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MUTATIONS (POINT (SUBSTITION (SILENT (same amino acid is made - no effect)…

- - - - same amino acid is made - no effect
    - - different amino acid is made
        
        e.g. sickle cell anaemia
    - - stop codon is formed
  - - - Alters every codon from that point on
        
        e.g cystic fibrosis
- - - - exchange with other chromosomes
    - - multiple copies of the same gene
    - - section deleted (often lethal)
    - - section detaches, rotates 180° and reattaches to the same chromosomes
  - - - abnormal chromosome no, e.g. trisomy 21 - Down syndrome
      - POLYPLOIDY
        
        additional set e.g. 3n