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UNIT 2 (Events (The Dutch Republic (1568-1609) breaking from Spanish…
UNIT 2
Events
The Dutch Republic (1568-1609) breaking from Spanish Dominance: The Dutch Revolt (1576) against Spain and the English alliance (1585), Domination by towns—Staatholder versus Prince of Orange, The Calvinist Synod of Dort (1618-19): Total depravity and unconditional election
“Britain” (1588-1603) breaking from Spanish Dominance: The Church of England; Henry VIII (1509-1547) and Act of Supremacy (1534)----Rise of the moderate “Gentry.” / Elizabeth I (1558-1603)--Persecution of Catholics and invasion of Ireland. / James I (1603-1625): Union of Crowns in 1603 (Scotland) creates “Britain” and publishes Bible. / Civil War (1640/2-1649): Execution of the King Charles I (1625-1649)
Tokugawa Japan (1603): “Shogun” Tokugawa Ieyasu (1600-1687), Established military government called the bakufu to prevent civil war. / Needed to control feudal daimyo, powerful lords ruling most of Japan with vast landholdings in rice. / Rise of merchants—Set prices in Osaka.
The International Port of Nagasaki: 1614-1637: Persecution of Catholic Converts / 1641: Dutch Calvinists confined to Dejima Island
The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: The Thirty Years War (1618-1648): Confessional Nations and Disintegration of the Spanish Empire in Europe . / The Ming-Qing Cataclysm (1644): Empire Enlarged
The Silver Cycle:
The Americas, Japan and the First Global Economy, The Mines of Potosi (1545) and Zacatecas (1546), Mines in Japan (1540’s), Manila in the Philippines (1571)
The Problem of Political and Religious Authority: British Civil Wars (1639-1660) The Bishop’s Wars in Scotland (1639-40)—Presbyterian Covenanters vs. Anglicans / The Irish Rebellion (1641)—Anglicans and Presbyterians vs. Catholics / The English Civil War (1642-1649)—Presbyterian Parliament vs. the Anglican King / Execution of the King Charles I (1649) / Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum (1649-1660) / Charles II and the Restoration (1660).
The End of Divine Right: Robert Filmer, Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings (ca. 1640) and Anarchy of a Limited and Mixed Monarchy (1648) / Eikon Basilike (1649)
Slavery and Aristocracy:The Carolina Colony (1663)
Anthony Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke, “Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina,” (1669) / Creates a landowner hereditary aristocracy / Religious toleration of Catholics, Native Americans, Jews and ‘heathens.’/ All freemen have “absolute power and authority” over slaves.
Voltaire and the French Enlightenment: Wants Political and Religious Reform in France / Popularizes Newton / Admiration for England’s Parliament and Prime Minister.
The French Empire in 1742: Louisiana or New France (green)—1682-1762. Fur trade. Cedes to Britain and France in Seven Years War. Napoleon reclaims Spanish part, 1801-1803. / Saint-Domingue (Haiti, 1659) / Spanish Colony until 1697: 2000 slaves / 1789: 500,000 slaves, sugar and some tobacco
The “Second Hundred Years War” (1688-1815)
Britain, France, and the Growth of the Fiscal-Military State: Paying for Global Navies / The Bank of England (1694) / The Mississippi and South Sea Stock Bubbles (1720) / The Seven Years War (1756-1763) / Global war in three theaters: many actors. / Struggle between Britain and France over empire. / Huge Debt Burden
The Commodification of People: “Description of a Slave Ship” (1788)–The Brookes / Legally supposed to carry 450 slaves / Typically between 600 and 750 / Ten voyages
The Triangle Trade? The gun-slave-sugar hypothesis / The East India Company re-export trade: Indian cottons to Africa and America / American goods: Rum and “voyage iron” to Africa / Provisions to Caribbean
World Historical Aspects of the American Revolution: The Lockean Principles of Popular Sovereignty and Liberty—”We the People” / Triumph of the Republic over Monarchy and Aristocracy (the Ancien Regime of King and Estates) / End of Confessionalism (Thirty Years War, 1618-48)—Religious Freedom vs. Religious Toleration / Decolonization? Federalism vs. States Rights
--The Military: Taxation (Excise Taxes) and Protection Costs / Slavery and Plantation Economies
The French Empire in 1742: Louisiana or New France (green)—1682-1762. Fur trade. Cedes to Britain and France in Seven Years War. Napoleon reclaims Spanish part, 1801-1803. / Saint-Domingue (Haiti, 1659) / Spanish Colony until 1697: 2000 slaves / 1789: 500,000 slaves, sugar and some tobacco
Clubs and Workshops: Petition of Women of the Third Estate (January 1, 1789)—Lack of Representation in Estates General. / The Jacobin Club (May-June, 1789)—Republicans. / The October Days: Women’s March to Versailles (October 5, 1789) / “Poor Javote” (1790)—representative of poor women / National Spinning Workshops for Women (May 1790-1795).
The Rise of the “Radical” Jacobins: Georges Danton and Maximillian Robespierre: Timeline: December 1792: de Gouges writes National Assembly that Louis XIV should be exiled not executed. January 1793: Execution of Louis XIV
April 1793: Formation of Committee of Public Safety. July 13, 1793: Charlotte Corday and the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat. July 17, 1793: Execution of Corday October 16, 1793: Execution of Marie Antoinette. November 3, 1793: Execution of de Gouges
The Haitian Revolution and Toussaint L’Ouverture (1743-1803) 1792—Free Blacks as Citizens / 1793-4—Slave Revolt in Haiti leading to abolition / 1794-1801—Toussaint joins French to fight the British and the Spanish / 1801—Constitution for whole island / 1802-3—Slavery Reestablished by Napoleon, Capture of Toussaint / 1804—Hatian Independence and Final Abolition of Slavery
The Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1803-1815): Napoleon as Emperor (1804) / Political Reform (Napoleonic Code, 1804) / Peninsular War (1807-1814) and Guerrilla Resistance / Russian Campaign (1812) / Surrender (1814) and Waterloo (1815)
Bourbon Reforms (from 1740’s) in the Spanish Empire: Administrative Reforms Designed to Modernize American Colonies / Mexico City: College of Mines and Royal Mining Court / Expulsion of Jesuit Order (1767)
Mexican Independence (1810): Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla begins War of Independence (1810-1821) / 1810—Slavery ended or face death penalty, Native American tribute payments ended. / 1811—Execution of Hidalgo / First Mexican Empire (1821-3) / Constitution of 1824: Mexican Republic or United Mexican States. Civil War, Invasion and Secessions (1824-1861)
Simon Bolivar in South America: 1807—Returns to Venezuela as part of resistance to French puppet King of Spain (Joseph Bonaparte) / 1816—Lands in Venezuela with Haitian support / 1821—Creation of Gran Columbia (Venezuela, Panama, Columbia, Ecuador) / 1824-5—Creation of Peru and Bolivia / 1830—Death of Bolivar / 1831—Breakup of Gran Columbia
People
Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and the Principia (1687), The secret of “gravity” and “I pose no hypothesis” (hypothesis non fingo)
Luo Guanzhong Three Kingdoms Romance (Nanjing (?): 1522, image from 1591 edition)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Public Questions:Theory or Teaching (1613), Latin or Vernacular (Italian), The “Dialogue” (1632), Trial (1633)
Miguel de Cervante, Don Quixote de la Mancha (Madrid: 1605, 1615)
Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693): Zen Buddhism constrained, Urbanization and the “floating world” of commercial entertainment in Tokugawa Japan. / “Calendar Maker’s Wife” from Five Sensuous Women, v. 3 (1682)—set in Kyoto (different volumes, different cities). / “In the Past on Credit, Now Cash Down” and “All the Goodness Gone from Tea” from Japan’s Eternal Storehouse: Fortune, Gospel of the New Self-Made Man (1688).
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Peter the Great (1682-1725) and Learning: Capture of Azov in Black Sea From Ottomans (1696) / “Grand Embassy” (1697-1698) to Europe / Adoption and Printing of Julian Calendar (1700-9) / Emperor (1721) / Peter also founded a new port (1703) and capital (1712) on the Baltic Sea, which he laid out in a geometric pattern.
Chen Hongmou (1696-1771) and Good Government: “statecraft school” of Neo-Confucianism / Women and non-Han Chinese should receive the same education as Han Chinese men / The “prosperous age”—expanding empire, population growth, growing cultivation, national market, export growth. / “On Substantive Learning”
Locke and Parliamentary Sovereignty:
The Glorious Revolution (1688-9): Parliamentary Sovereignty: Parliament selects William of Orange (Dutch) and Mary (England) as joint monarchs, demands a bill of rights. / Limits: Religious Toleration and Colonial Slavery—No Emancipation
Chen Hongmou (1696-1771) and Good Government: “statecraft school” of Neo-Confucianism. / Women and non-Han Chinese should receive same education as Han Chinese men. / The “prosperous age”—expanding empire, population growth, growing cultivation, national market, export growth. / “On Substantive Learning”
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