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The Rise of Evidence-Based Policing: Targeting, Testing, and Tracking…

- - - - Random Patrol
        
        after WWII, theory: police "omnipresence" would deter crime
        
        1966 Chicago Study showed that police spent
        
        14% of their time "reactively" answering call & investigating crime, 1% of their time "proactively" stopping people at their own initiative, and 85% of their time in structured random patrolling
      - Rapid Response
        
        arrive, do something, leave as quickly as possible
      - Reactive Investigations
        
        taken over by detectives
      - intellectually discredited after 3 major efforts were made to assess the effects of key elements
- - - - both the demand for, and uses of, research evidence have become clustered around three strategic principles
        
        police should conduct and apply good research to target scarce resources on predictable concentrations of harm from crime and disorder
        
        once police choose their high-priority targets, they should review or conduct tests of police methods to help choose what works best to reduce harm
        
        once police agencies use research to target their tested practices, they should generate and use internal evidence to track the daily delivery and effects of those practices, including public perceptions of police legitimacy
      - Performance Management: "class rank" system
      - COMPSTAT: meetings as a means of pushing for better policing and less crime
      - Auditing for Evidence: push evidence into every aspect of police operations, trainings, and promotions
    - - Problem-Oriented Policing
      - Crime and Harm Concentrations
      - Investigative Solvability Factors
- - - - what police do: random patrol by "rapid response" still predominates in practice
    - - what police do: of 92 US police departments surveyed, 62% had adopted computerized crime mapping by 2001
    - - what police do: has almost disappeared in Anglo-Celtic policing; use is limited to high-density areas of the largest cities
    - - what police do: police agencies still spend substantial funds ensuring the capacity to respond very quickly
    - - what police do: usually enthusiastic about POP despite peer pressure not to
    - - what police do: an embedded part of patrol practice in high-crime areas
    - - what police do: police rarely use covert surveillance against ongoing street crime
    - - what police do: either a legal or a policy mandate requires police to make arrests whenever there is sufficient legal evidence to do so
    - - what police do: police rarely issue warrants for simple assault
- - - - theory
      - assumptions
      - tradition
      - convention