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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and internal factors…

- - - - direct light #
  - - - carbohydrates
      - proteins
      - Fats
- - - - metabolic reactions
        
        phosphate
        
        ADP
        
        photophosphorylation
        
        energy source: sunlight
        
        occurs in chloroplast
        
        ADP phosphorylated
        
        ATP
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        Oxidation with oxygen
        
        occurs in mitochondria
        
        ADP phosphorylated
        
        ATP
        
        Substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        No oxygen required
        
        occurs in cytosol
        
        Phosphate forced on ADP
        
        ATP
    - - carries high-energy phosphate bonds
  - - - oxidation state
        
        electron gravitates toward oxygen
      - oxidizing agents
        
        NAD+
        
        NADP+
      - Oxidation reaction
        
        increases positive charge
      - Oxidized compounds
        
        Contain more oxygen
    - - electron gain
      - Reducing agents
        
        NADH
        
        NADPH
      - Reduced reaction
        
        reduces positive charge
      - Reduced compounds
        
        contain more hydrogen
  - - - integral part of thylakoid membrane
      - cannot be removed
      - intrinsic membrane protein
      - Carry electrons within membrane
    - - transport within a membrane
      - carry
        
        2 electrons
        
        2 protons
      - Hydrophobic
        
        dissolve into lipid chloroplast membrane
    - - carries metal atom electrons
      - loosely associated with chloroplast membrane
      - Moves short distance
        
        along surface of membrane
- - - - Uses
        
        Water
        
        Energy from sunlight
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        Accessory pigments
        
        Carotenoids
        
        Chlorophyll b
      - produces
        
        ATP
        
        NADPH
        
        Oxygen
  - - - uses
        
        Co2 + H2O
        
        ATP
        
        NADPH
      - produces
        
        3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde
        
        ADP
        
        NADP+
        
        Ribulose- 1,5- Biphosphate
  - - - especially important anabolic pathways
        
        synthetic pathway of polysaccharides
        
        Gluconeogenesis
        
        C3 metabolism
        
        3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde
        
        Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
        
        1 more item...
        
        Synthetic pathway of fats
    - - 3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde
      - Water
      - Nitrates
      - Sulphates
      - Minerals
- - - - Colors
      - Wave lengths
    - - light intensity
    - - Number of hours sunlight is available
      - at night
        
        starch converted to sugar
        
        used for growth
        
        stored
  - - - palisade parenchyma (top layer)
      - Spongy mesophyll (bottom layer)
      - inefficient for conserving water
      - excellent carbon dioxide absorption
    - - Leaf cells packed together
        
        water loss reduced
        
        difficult to dissolve carbon dioxide
        
        slows photosynthesis
  - - - Stomata open
    - - Stomata closed
      - C4 Metabolism
      - Crassulacean acid metabolism