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KEJGbW, Bipolar Disorder (BD) (Drugs for Treatment (Diazepam:…
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Bipolar Disorder (BD)
Signs and Symptoms
Mania/Hypomania: Mania is more severe than hypomania and causes more noticeable problems at work, school, and social activities. Could trigger a break from reality and require hospitalization
Symptoms: jumpy, increased agitation, exaggerated sense of well-being, talkativeness, poor decision making,
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Disease Pathology
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Hyperactive G proteins (Gs and Gq) lead to IP3 and PKA both lead to the phosphorylation of GSK-3B which will cause cell death, inflammation, and inhibit plasticity. The hyperactive G-proteins though their activity cascades will lead to the increase in the release of neurotransmitters
Epidemiological Facts
The exact etiology is unknown. Affects ~3% of the US population. Mean age of onset is 20-25 years old. Bipolar disorder I occurs equally in both men and women. Bipolar disorder II occurs more frequently in women. Commonly misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD)
Drugs for Treatment
Diazepam: Benzodiazepine
MOA: Bind to GABAa receptor to facilitate GABA action. Increases the frequency of opening of Cl- channel resulting in sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic properties
Used to help manage symptoms of anxiety, agitation and insomnia before mood stabilizers take effect
Adverse Effects: Dry mouth, headache, ataxia, fatigue, muscle weakness
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Lithium: Antiepileptic
MOA:Unknown in mood disorders. Thought to alter cation transport across cell membranes in nerve and muscle cells. Inhibit second messenger systems involving phosphatidylinositol cycle.
Adverse Effects: Weight gain, hypothyroidism, leukocytosis, acne, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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