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Growth & Division of Cell (The Growth Phase, Interphase (G1 phase…
Growth & Division of Cell
The Cell Cycle
Life cycle of cells
Some live for years
Others die quickly
Flower parts
Gland cells
Cell cycle arrest
Plants reach maturation
The Growth Phase, Interphase
S phase
Genes replicated
Genome
Chromosome
Histones
Centromere
Cohesin
Telomere
Duplicated chromosome
Two chromatids
Differentiation
Endoreduplication
Gene amplification
G2 phase
Preparation for division
Spindle microtubules synthesized
Proteins produced
Break down nuclear envelope
Process chromosomes
G1 phase
Normal metabolism conducted
Synthesis of nucleotides
Longest part of cell cycle
The Division Phase
Mitosis
Duplication division
Metaphase
Chromosomes align along middle
Metaphase plate
Separase digests cohesin
Sister chromatids are freed
Anaphase
Chromosomes separated
Pulled to opposite ends
Prophase
Chromosome condensation
Breakdown of nuclear envelope/nucleoulus
Formation of spindle
Telophase
Opposite of prophase
Nuclear envelope/nucleoli reform
Spindle disappears
Chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis
Cell plate
Phragmoplast
Division of plants & many algae
Vesicle
Walls
Phragmosome
Vacuole division
Meiosis
Reduction division
Gamete cells
Haploid
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Similar to Mitosis Prophase
5 stages
Pachytene
Crossing-over
Diplotene
Homologs begin to untangle
Zygotene
Synapsis
Diakinesis
Homologs untangle completely
Leptotene
Chromosomes condense
Metaphase I
Alignment in cell's center
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate
Nuclei are haploid
Telephase I
Interkinesis
Does not always occur
Meiosis II
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align in middle
Anaphase II
Chromosomes separate
Prophase II
Occurs if telophase I does
Telophase II
New nuclei form
One chromatid per chromosome
Haploid
Two processes
Karyokinesis
Division of nucleus
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
Less Common Cell Division
Karyokinesis without cytokinesis
Multinucleate cells
Cells contain extra genetic material
Coenocyte
Division without nuclear division
Multinucleate cells undergo cytokinesis
Four-nucleate egg production
First stage
Results in tetranucleate cell
Second stage
Two small haploid nuclei
Two large triploid nuclei
Occurs in lilies
Cell Division in Algae
Nuclei division
Nuclear envelop stays intact
Gaps develop
Microtubules pass through nucleus
Chromosomes remain condensed
Occurs in dinoflagellates
Cytokinesis
Algae without cell walls
Cleavage furrow
Algae with cell walls
Phragmoplast forms
Nuclear envelope broke down
Phycoplast forms
Nuclear envelope intact
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
DNA replication
DNA loops on membrane
Daughter DNA on membrane
DNA pulled apart
Cytokinesis by infurrowing
Membrane pulled inward
Pinches in two
Cross wall splits
Division of Chloroplasts & Mitochondria
Circles of DNA
Similarly constructed DNA
Separate by membrane growth
Infurrowed or pulled in two
DNA replication gradually continual
