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living world (sustainable management (why protect
maintain biodiversity
…
living world
sustainable management
why protect
- maintain biodiversity
- discover new medicines
- ecotourism economic benefits
- reduce greenhouse effect
- regulate climate and water cycle
selective logging
- only some trees felled
- overall forest structure kept
= regenerate
- less damaging transport to assist
replanting
- trees to use for future
same variety
- logging companies replant
ecotourism
- small number visitors
- income for locals
- raise awareness = more money
- alternative jobs for people
- largest source of income in costa rica
21% protected
international hardwood agreement
- high demand from richer countries
eg mahogany and teak
- reduce illegal sources
- promote sustainably managed sources
eg forest stewardship council - logo
education
- encourage buying sustainable products
- locals people try to make money short term
- alternative ways to make money / reduce impact
reducing debt
- LICs - pay back money with interest
normally done by logging etc
- may not spend money on conservation
conservation
- national parks / nature reserves
lack of funds makes it hard
- funds that overseas gov and companies invest in
- money = restrictions and promotion
tropical rainforests
characteristics
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plants
evergreen - continual growing season
trees tall, dense - little light on floor
epiphytes - nutrients / moisture from air
animals
most animals species - colourful, noisy
people
adapted to life
hunt, fish, gather nuts, grow veg
interdependent
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agouti crack open brazil nut
bury them and sprout new seedlings
extinct - brazil nuts decline
impact other animals and people
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plant adaptations
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thich, waxy, drip-tip leaves
water runs off not damaging from weight + fungus
wax repels rain
smooth, thin bark - not protect from cold
rain runs off easily
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high biodiversity
- 50% world species
- stable, productive - stable conditions
- deforestation reduce biodiversity
= extinction
ecosystems
nutrient cycle
1 - dead material decomposed, nutrients into soil
2 - nutrients taken from soil by plants
3 - plants eaten by consumers
4 - plants / consumers die, nutrients returned
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global ecosystems
tundra
- high latitudes N
- winters v cold / brief summers
- little rain + no trees
moss, grass, low shrubs
- permafrost
grassland
- savannah = between tropics
wet + dry seasons, rainfall low
grass, few trees
- temperate = higher latitudes
temp variation, less rain, no trees, grasses
deciduous forest
- mid lats - 4 seasons
- rain all year / mild winters
- trees lose leaves for winter
tropical rainforest
- equator - hot + wet all year
hot desert
- near tropics, little rain
- hot day, cold night
- shrubs and cacti
polar
- N + S poles
- cold, icy, dry
- dark for several months
- short growing season
- includes all biotic and abiotic parts in area
- producer - sunlight energy to provide food
- consumer - energy by eating other organisms
- decomposer - energy by breaking down dead organic matter and release nutrients into soil
deforestation
- population pressure - settlements
- mineral extraction - sold for money
- energy development - HEP = flood
- commercial logging - felled = money + roads
- commercial farming - cattle grazing, palm oil, soya
- subsistence farming - food for themselves + family
environmental impacts
- less carbon sinks - burning released co2
greenhouse effect - 15% co2 emissions
- soil erosion - landslides + flood
- less interception - reduces soil fertility
- drought - moisture not recycled
economic impacts
- lots of money made from seeling timber, mining, farming
- creates jobs
- long run - destroy resources, reduce tourism
- local livelihoods destroyed - lose animals and plants
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THE AMAZON RAINFOREST
causes of deforestation
logging
- mahogany and teak = furniture
- wood for fuel and timber
mineral extraction
- golds mining - 50,000 hect
- bauxite
energy development
- HEP - floods + rots roots
- dams destroyed by soil blockage
cattle ranching
- soil quality declines as thin layer
= move area more often
- 80% destruction
commercial farming
- soil not sustain crops
- soy - 2010 = 65 million tonnes
- sugar cane = biofuel
road building
- trans amazonian highway 1972
4,000km long
- equipment, products
easy access - most deforestation in south
settlements
- workers homes
- population growth - land away from overcrowded cities
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