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tectonic hazards (plates (plate margins (destructive - towards
oceanic…
tectonic hazards
plates
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plate margins
destructive - towards
- oceanic under continental - ocean trenches + volcanoes
- 2 continental - mountain ranges
constructive - away
- magma rises to fill gaps = new crust
conservative - sideways
- same way at different speeds or different ways
- crust not created or destroyed
volcanoes
destructive
oceanic plates into mantle and destroyed
pool of magma forms
magma rises through vents
erupts onto surface = volcano
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eruptions emit lava and gas
- ash covers land
- pyroclastic flows block sun
(superheated ash, rock, gas)
effects and responses
primary effects
- buildings and roads destroyed by lava, pyroclastic flows, ash collapses buildings
- people injured
- crops destroyed and water contaminated
- volcanic gases = suffocation
secondary effects
- mudflows / lahars - valcanic material + water
- flooding - hot rock melts snow
- transport networks blocked - aid not get through
- homelessness
- tourism disrupted
- ash = more fertile land
- long recovery
immediate responses
- evacuation
- provide temporary supplies + shelter
- treat injured
- rescue
- foreign gov + charities - support
- tech companies - disaster response tools
long term responses
- repair and rebuild
- reconnect
- improve evacuation plans
- boost economy - tourism
earthquakes
tension builds at boundary (epicentre)
- destructive / conservative - plates stuck
- constructive - cracks in plate
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measured by moment magnitude scale
- energy released
- logarithmic
- 7+ major damage
effects and responses
primary effects
- buildings and bridges destroyed
- people injured/ killed
- roads and airports damaged
- supply and communication networks destroyed
secondary effects
- trigger landslides + tsunamis
- gas leak = fires
- homelessness
- shortage of clean water
- difficult aid access
- businesses damaged
- expensive repairs
immediate responses
- rescue and recover bodies
- put out fires
- temporary shelters and supplies
- foreign gov + charities send aid
- tech companies - disaster response tools so people confirm safety and damage recorded
long term responses
- rehouse and rebuild
- repair bridges and buildings
- reconnect supply networks
- improve building regulations
- initiatives = economic recovery
management
monitoring
- seismometers and lasers monitor earth movement
- warning system
- tiny earthquakes, escaping gases, change in volcano shape
prediction
- earthquakes not reliably predicted
forecast areas where will occur
- volcanoes predicted if well monitored
time to evacuate
protection
- buildings designed to absorb earthquakes energy
- existing buildings strengthened
- automatic shut off for gas + electricity to prevent fires
planning
- future developments avoid areas most at risk
- emergency services trained and prepped
- people evacuated
- gov plan evac routes
- emergency supplies stockpiled
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why do people live in areas of high risk?
- confident of support
- always lived there
- employed there
- fertile ground attracts farmers
- tourist attraction - employees live in area