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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Light-Dependent Reaction (nature of…

- - - - high energy
        
        gamma rays, cosmic rays, uv light
    - - PAR
        
        plants use it for photosynthesis
  - - - absorb certain wavelength
        
        get their color
      - chlorophyll a
        
        absorbs red and blue
        
        does not use high energy quanta
        
        cause the electron to be excited
        
        can be used in chemical reaction
        
        if not used, return to original state
      - absorption vs. action spectrum
    - - light released by pigment
    - - absorbs wavelength not absorbed by chlorophyll a
      - pass it to chlorophyll a
      - common types on land plants
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        good at resonance
        
        carotenoids
        
        poor at resonance
        
        transfer only about 10% of absorbed energy
        
        role is to protect chlorophyll a from excessive light
  - - - less number of chlorophyll b
      - absorb red light of 700 nm efficiently
      - Fx
        
        membrane found electron acceptor
        
        contain iron and sulfur group
        
        accepts electron from P700
        
        reduce it than pass it to ferredoxin
      - ferredoxin
        
        located at thylakoid membrane
        
        reducing agent
        
        pass the electron to enzyme
      - ferredxin-NADP+ reductase
        
        reduces NADP+ to NADPH
    - - chlorophyll a and b are equally present
      - reduces P700
      - plastocyanin
        
        donates electron to the chlorophyll of P700
        
        receives new electron from cytochrome b6/f complex
      - Q complex
        
        donate electron to cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        receives electron from phaeophytin
      - P680
        
        receives electron from water molecule
        
        donate it to Q complex
  - - - house enzymes and electron carries
      - membrane is not permeable to protons
    - - ADP+Pi -> ATP
- - - - molecule acceptor
      - contains carbon
    - - product of RuBP+CO2
      - 2 identical molecules
    - - enzyme that carries the reaction RuBP+CO2
      - one of the largest and complex protein
      - can constitute up to 30% of protein in a leaf
  - - - 3-phosphoglycerate
- - - - condense with 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
        
        form fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
    - - fructose-6-phosphate
      - glucose-6-phosphate
- - - - intensity and brightness
      - clear day= more photosynthetic activity
      - plants near equator receive more sunlight
      - summer time
        
        light is too intense
        
        protective measurement is necessary
    - - numbers of hours that sunlight is available
      - locations play huge role
        
        equator
        
        12 hrs of sunlight throughout the year
        
        near the poles
        
        24 hrs of daily sunlight during midsummer
        
        mid lattitude
        
        short winter days
        
        little photosynthetic activity
        
        long summer days
        
        more photosynthetic activity
    - - wavelength
      - color
        
        blue light
        
        deflected upward at dawn
        
        red light
        
        small impact on photosynthesis at dawn
  - - - palisade parachyma above/spongy mesophyll below
        
        absorbs CO
        
        poor at water conserving
    - - tightly packed leaf cells
        
        water conservation
        
        inefficient in dissolving CO2
    - - minimum water loss
  - - - carbon dioxide entry
      - water loss
    - - no carbon dioxide activity
      - retain water
  - - - water loss per molecule of CO2 absorbed
      - low ratio
    - - wasting process
- - - - converts light energy to chemical energy
      - use lights captured by pigments
    - - helps ATP to enter and drive the chemical reactions
    - - involves light energy
    - - ADP--> ATP
    - - ADP phosphorylated to ATP
  - - - lose of electron
      - do not carry as many electron as it supposed to
      - usually contain oxygen
    - - gain of electron
      - usually contain hydrogen
    - - forced electrons onto compounds
  - - - contains cofactor heme, iron group
      - carries electron to short distance
    - - transport electron within membrane
      - dissolve easily into the lipid component
    - - contains copper group
      - associated with chloroplast membranes