Week 2
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Gunpowder Empires
Mongul - requires and enables stable, expansive, and burreaucratic islam empires
Post Federal - the whole state as a military force professional or standing armies
Spain (1492) portugal (1415) ming dynasty (1368-1644)
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Ming dynasty voyages of admiral Zheng He
Est with a peasant rebellion against the weakened mongols (1368)
Yongle empire (1402-1424) capital moved to beijing (1403-1421) grand canal rebuilt (1411- 1415) crisis in the north built a great wall (of China) Zheng He (1371-1433)
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Portuagese voyage to the african coast
1446 slave and gold trade begins
1456 colonization of codo verde island
1482 est of el mina castle
1497-99 vasco de gama to malindi and calicut
1507-1511 Afonso de albuerque to ormuz (persain gulf) Goa (india 1510) and malacca (southeast asia 1511)
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Ottoman empire and the fall of Constantinople
•Edward Gibbon (Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1789): key historical turning point.
•Mehmed II and the janissaries (removing nobles from court)--subalterns
•Byzantine Empire (est. 330) and city walls of Constantinople
•53-day siege, already conquered rest of empire.
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Kemal Reis and the Battle of Zonchio (1499)
•Ottomans vs. Venetians, first significant use of cannons on ships.
•Kemal Reis (1451-1511, aka. “Chmali”, “reis” means Admiral), Turkish privateer, defense and rescue of Jews and Moslems at Granada (1492)
•Admiral 1495, new flagship the Göke has 700 soldiers, cannons, sail and galley power.
•Failure of the city-state (Venice)
•Battle of Lepanto (1571), Venetians + Spanish (“Holy League”) defeat Ottoman navy.
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Admiral Piri Reis and the Three Seas Strategy
•Piri Reis (ca. 1470-1553), nephew of Kemal Reis
•Took part in Battle of Zonchio and Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1516-1517)
•Makes world map (1513)
•Kitāb-ı Baḥrīye (“Book of the Sea”) presented to Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566), 290 maps.
•Three Seas--Mediterranean, Red Sea and Persian Gulf (NOT the Atlantic or Indian Oceans)
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The Safavids (1501-1736)
•Sunni Tribalism (bey) vs. Sufi Religious Brotherhood (wali)
•Safaviyya—Kurds, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, Persians as Sufis in Ardabil Shrine
•Safavid Dynasty (1501-1736): Ismail I and the adoption of Shia Islam (1501)
•Double Attack:
•Ottoman purges of Shi’ites (1502) and invasion of Safavid Empire (1514)
•Portuguese seizure of Ormuz (1507-1622) and Bahrain (1521-1602)
•Adoption of gunpowder and bureaucratic methods—teach to Mughals (1526-1857)
•Anglo-Persian Alliance (1622)—the Rise of British Power
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Mughal Empire (1526-1857)
•Babur (1483-1530)—Failure to Conquer Samarquand
•Battle of Panipat (1526)
•Akbar (r. 1556-1605)—cultural unity
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The Spanish Crucible: Iberia and the “Reconquista” (722-1492)
•Umayyad (Islamic) conquest of Iberia (711)—Al Andalus
•The “Reconquest”: Christian kingdoms of Iberia are successful against Moslem kingdoms in Al Andalus
•Magnates-–Aristocratic conquerors rather than subalterns
•The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile (1469)=‘s Spain
•The Spanish Inquisition (1478+)
•Conquest of the Islamic kingdom Grenada (1492), the expulsion of Jews and Moslems (1492) and the departure of Columbus (1492)
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The Spanish Empire (1492-1808)
•1402-1496 Spanish subduing of the Canary Islands
•Christopher Columbus (b. ca. 1451, Genoa; d. 1506). First voyage (1492) after conquest of Grenada by Ferdinand and Isabella
•Pope Alexander VI’s bull Inter caetera (1493) and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
•Arrested after 3rd voyage and denied governorship in 1500, 4th and last voyage in 1502.
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The Silver Cycle and Standard:The First Global Economy
•The Mines of Potosi (1545) and Zacatecas (1546)
•Manila in the Philippines (1571) and Fujianese merchants from the Ming Empire