Male patient with a feeding tube bypassing esophagus, stomach and duodenum

Upstream

Background

Downstream

direct

indirect

digestive system- take food and breaks it down in to nutrients

Alimentary Canal

muscular tube winds through the body from mouth to anus

function

digest

break down food in to smaller fragments

absorb

digested fragments through its lining into blood

accesorry digestive organs

gallbladder

pancreas

processed during digestion

ingestion (eating)

taking food into digestive tract

propulsion

moves food through alimentary canal

peristalsis

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

Mechanical breakdown

physical preparation

chewing

mixing

churning

segmentation

digestion

enzyme secrition

chemical breakdown

Absorption

abosorption of mucosal cells in to blood

vitamins

minerals

water

Defecation

eliminate indigestible substances

feces

membranes

peritoneum

viceral

cover digestive organs

parietal

lines body walls

mesentery

double layer of peritoneum

provides

blood vessels

lymphatics

nerves

holds organ in place

store fat

structure

layers

mucosa

epithelial membrane

secretes

mucus

enzymes

hormones

absorbs end products of digestion into blood

protect

against infectious disease

sublayers

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae

simple columnar epithelium with mucus secreting cells

loose areolar connective tissue

smooth muscle cells

Submucosa

areolar connective tissue

rich in blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

lymphoid follicles

nerve fibers

elastic fibers

Muscularis Externa

smooth muscle

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

Serosa (outmost)

areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium

Blood supply

splachnic circulation

arteries branch off abdominal aorta to digestive organs

hepatic portal circulation

Nervous system

enteric nervous system (gut Brain)

inhouse nerve supply of the alimentary canal

short reflexes

long reflexes

CNS integration center and extrinsic

mouth (oral Cavity)

teeth

salivary glands

tongue

lips

cheeks

palate

hard palate

soft palate

floor of mouth

form bolus

types

parotid gland

functions

cleanses mouth

dessolves chemicals

moistens food

contains enzymes

amylase

sublingual gland

submandibular gland

saliva

electrolites

enzymes

metamolic waste

protein mucin

lysozyme and IgA

masticate

tear and grind food

smaller fragments

incisors

2

canine

1

premolars

2

molars

3

structure

crown

enamel

neck

root

dentin

dentinal tubules

cement

root canal

apical foramen

organs

Pharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

esophagus

muscular tube

propulsion

goes through

esophageal hiatus

cardiac sphincter

stomach

layers

mucosa

stratifed squamous epithelium

submucosa

areolar connective tissue

muscularis externa

circular layer

longitudinal layer

adventitia

fibrous connective tissue

Stomach

storage tank

degrades food both physically and cheically

chyme

anatomy

rugae

folds

fundus

dome shaped part

body

mid portion of stomach

pyloric part

antrum

canal

spincter

curves

greater curvature

lesser curvature

types of gland cells

mucous neck cells

acidic mucus

parietal cells

secrete HCL

chief cells

produces

pepsinogen

enteroendocrine cells

release hormones

serotonin

Gastrin

Histamine

somatostatin

digestive process in stomach

Propulsion

mechanical breakdown

digestion

absorption

peristalsis

churning

enzymatic breakdown

alcohol and aspirin

peristaltic wave

propulsion

grinding

retropulsion

liver

produces bile

anatomy

exports to duodenum

emulsifies fats

lobes

right lobe

left lobe

caudate lobe

quadrate lobe

falciform ligament

holds liver

lobules

six corners

portal triad

hepatic artery

hepatic portal vein

bile duct

inferior surface of liver

stores bile

for digestion

muscular wall

contracts

expel bile to cystic duct

produces inactive enzymes

acini

enzyme rich component

ducts

water and bicarbonate

proteases

for proteins

amylase

for starch

lipases

for fats

nucleases

for nucleic acids

small intestines

digestion and absorption

anatomy

ileocecal sphincter

where it joins large intestine

duodenum

major duodenal papilla

jejunum

connects duodenum and ileum

ileum

ileocecal valve

stucure

circular folds

villi

microvilli

lymphatic vessels

carbohydrates

proteins

fats

nucleic acid

vitamins

electrolytes

water

large intestine

functions

digestion

remaining food with gut bacteria

absorb

remaining water, electrolytes and vitamins

propulsion

propels feces toward rectum

defecation

eliminates feces

anatomy

ascending colon

right hepatic flexure

trasverse colon

left splenic flexure

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

internal anal sphincter

external anal sphincter

feeding tube

stomach cancer

bypassing organs

esophagus

stomach

duodenum

removed

gallbladder

oral cavity

mouth

masticate

salivary glands

enzymes

mechanical breakdown

amylase

metabolic waste

electrolytes

breakdown carbohydrates

bolus

tongue

taste buds

unable to taste food

eassy swalllow

in charge

propulsion

peristalsis

carry food

contracts and relaxes

spharynx

to stomach

store

degrade food

physically

peristaltic waves

chemically

parietal cells

chief cells

pepsinogen

lipases

fat enzymes

hydrochloric acid

instrinsic factor

activation of pepsin

no stimulation for these hormones

gastrin

increase HCL secretion

stimulates gastric emptying

contractions of intestinal muscles

relaxes eleocecal valve

stimulates mass movements

Histamine

activate parietal cells to release HCL

serotonin

causes contractions of stomach muscle

stimulated

food in stomach

stimulated

food in stomach

stimulated

food (protein) in stomach

digestion

mix contents

with digestive juices

absorption

end products

carbs

proteins

fats

mucleic acid

vitamins

water

hydration

bones

heal wonds

immune system

store energy

insulate

protect

enzymes

hormones

building blocks

muscle

cartilage

skin

blood

fuel

nervous system

muscular systerm

DNA

protein synthesis

no stimulation for Hormones

CCK

secretiins actions on organs

pancreas

enzymes

liver

contraxt and expel

bile

GIP

inhibits HCL production

in stomach

stimulates insulin release

pancreas beta cells

stimulated

fatty chym

stimulated

fatty chyme

intestinal gastrin

stimulated by

food in duodenum

stimulates gastric glands

in stomach

motilin

stimulated by fasting

neural stimuli

stimulates

migrating motor complex

secretin

stimulated by

acidic chyme

inhibites

gastric gland secrition

increase

pancreatic juice

bile output

liver can no longer store bile

bile flows directly into duodenum

other factors

clog feeding tube

diet

make sure to flush properly

recommended

calories

vitamins

minerals

fiber

fluids

enzyme treatments

effect

diarrhea

reduce fat intake

fried food

high fat meats

bacon

sausage

fries

potato chips

high fat dairy

butter

cheese

ice cream

whole milk

symptoms

bloated after eating

feeling full after eating small amounts of food

nausea

heartburn

indigestion

treatment

surgery

medications

radiation

chemotherapy

poor appetite

blood in stool

causes

diet

low vegetable intake

high salty food

family history

infections

helicobacter pylory

long term

stomach inflammation

smoking

effects of Feeding tube

digestive system

feeding tube nutrition

bypassing the mouth

taste buds

food is not going to have a lot of flavor

nose receptors

will take over

flavors are going to come primarily from the nose

bypassing the esophagus

no peristalsis

effect

food

cannot be broken down

movement of food to stomach

bypassing the stomach

effects

has to be liquid form

effect

food is going to be moved down the esophagus

different mechanism

food can no longer be stored

has to be digested and absorb immediately

no food degrading

muscularis

will become thiner

parietal cells

produce acid

damage the tubing

no stimulation

reduce production of acid

Chief Cells

not stimulated

reduce secretion of lipases

no stimuli for hormone production

Histamine

serotonin

somatostatin

gastrin

no inhibition for gastric secretions, absorption, and bile release

parietal cells will decrease the production of HCL

no contractions in stomach muscles

decrease stimulation of intestinal muscles

slow digestion process

fat digesting enzymes

bypassing the duodenum

no enteropeptidase

no additional bile stored in gallbladder

hard to emulsify fats

no digestive enzymes activated from pancreas

hard to digest

startch

fats

nucleic acis

proteins

no fat digestion

hard to absorb fat soluble vitamins

less absorption

since its hard to digest

malabsorption

of nutrients

treatments

nutritional supplements

low fat

missing gallbladder

enzymes

replace those of the pancreas

vitamins and minerals

water

hydration

carbs

hight proteins

skin

fuel

muscle

blood

cartilage