Male patient with a feeding tube bypassing esophagus, stomach and duodenum
Upstream
Background
Downstream
direct
indirect
digestive system- take food and breaks it down in to nutrients
Alimentary Canal
muscular tube winds through the body from mouth to anus
function
digest
break down food in to smaller fragments
absorb
digested fragments through its lining into blood
accesorry digestive organs
gallbladder
pancreas
processed during digestion
ingestion (eating)
taking food into digestive tract
propulsion
moves food through alimentary canal
peristalsis
alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
Mechanical breakdown
physical preparation
chewing
mixing
churning
segmentation
digestion
enzyme secrition
chemical breakdown
Absorption
abosorption of mucosal cells in to blood
vitamins
minerals
water
Defecation
eliminate indigestible substances
feces
membranes
peritoneum
viceral
cover digestive organs
parietal
lines body walls
mesentery
double layer of peritoneum
provides
blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves
holds organ in place
store fat
structure
layers
mucosa
epithelial membrane
secretes
mucus
enzymes
hormones
absorbs end products of digestion into blood
protect
against infectious disease
sublayers
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
simple columnar epithelium with mucus secreting cells
loose areolar connective tissue
smooth muscle cells
Submucosa
areolar connective tissue
rich in blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid follicles
nerve fibers
elastic fibers
Muscularis Externa
smooth muscle
responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Serosa (outmost)
areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium
Blood supply
splachnic circulation
arteries branch off abdominal aorta to digestive organs
hepatic portal circulation
Nervous system
enteric nervous system (gut Brain)
inhouse nerve supply of the alimentary canal
short reflexes
long reflexes
CNS integration center and extrinsic
mouth (oral Cavity)
teeth
salivary glands
tongue
lips
cheeks
palate
hard palate
soft palate
floor of mouth
form bolus
types
parotid gland
functions
cleanses mouth
dessolves chemicals
moistens food
contains enzymes
amylase
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
saliva
electrolites
enzymes
metamolic waste
protein mucin
lysozyme and IgA
masticate
tear and grind food
smaller fragments
incisors
2
canine
1
premolars
2
molars
3
structure
crown
enamel
neck
root
dentin
dentinal tubules
cement
root canal
apical foramen
organs
Pharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus
muscular tube
propulsion
goes through
esophageal hiatus
cardiac sphincter
stomach
layers
mucosa
stratifed squamous epithelium
submucosa
areolar connective tissue
muscularis externa
circular layer
longitudinal layer
adventitia
fibrous connective tissue
Stomach
storage tank
degrades food both physically and cheically
chyme
anatomy
rugae
folds
fundus
dome shaped part
body
mid portion of stomach
pyloric part
antrum
canal
spincter
curves
greater curvature
lesser curvature
types of gland cells
mucous neck cells
acidic mucus
parietal cells
secrete HCL
chief cells
produces
pepsinogen
enteroendocrine cells
release hormones
serotonin
Gastrin
Histamine
somatostatin
digestive process in stomach
Propulsion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
absorption
peristalsis
churning
enzymatic breakdown
alcohol and aspirin
peristaltic wave
propulsion
grinding
retropulsion
liver
produces bile
anatomy
exports to duodenum
emulsifies fats
lobes
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
falciform ligament
holds liver
lobules
six corners
portal triad
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
bile duct
inferior surface of liver
stores bile
for digestion
muscular wall
contracts
expel bile to cystic duct
produces inactive enzymes
acini
enzyme rich component
ducts
water and bicarbonate
proteases
for proteins
amylase
for starch
lipases
for fats
nucleases
for nucleic acids
small intestines
digestion and absorption
anatomy
ileocecal sphincter
where it joins large intestine
duodenum
major duodenal papilla
jejunum
connects duodenum and ileum
ileum
ileocecal valve
stucure
circular folds
villi
microvilli
lymphatic vessels
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acid
vitamins
electrolytes
water
large intestine
functions
digestion
remaining food with gut bacteria
absorb
remaining water, electrolytes and vitamins
propulsion
propels feces toward rectum
defecation
eliminates feces
anatomy
ascending colon
right hepatic flexure
trasverse colon
left splenic flexure
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
feeding tube
stomach cancer
bypassing organs
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
removed
gallbladder
oral cavity
mouth
masticate
salivary glands
enzymes
mechanical breakdown
amylase
metabolic waste
electrolytes
breakdown carbohydrates
bolus
tongue
taste buds
unable to taste food
eassy swalllow
in charge
propulsion
peristalsis
carry food
contracts and relaxes
spharynx
to stomach
store
degrade food
physically
peristaltic waves
chemically
parietal cells
chief cells
pepsinogen
lipases
fat enzymes
hydrochloric acid
instrinsic factor
activation of pepsin
no stimulation for these hormones
gastrin
increase HCL secretion
stimulates gastric emptying
contractions of intestinal muscles
relaxes eleocecal valve
stimulates mass movements
Histamine
activate parietal cells to release HCL
serotonin
causes contractions of stomach muscle
stimulated
food in stomach
stimulated
food in stomach
stimulated
food (protein) in stomach
digestion
mix contents
with digestive juices
absorption
end products
carbs
proteins
fats
mucleic acid
vitamins
water
hydration
bones
heal wonds
immune system
store energy
insulate
protect
enzymes
hormones
building blocks
muscle
cartilage
skin
blood
fuel
nervous system
muscular systerm
DNA
protein synthesis
no stimulation for Hormones
CCK
secretiins actions on organs
pancreas
enzymes
liver
contraxt and expel
bile
GIP
inhibits HCL production
in stomach
stimulates insulin release
pancreas beta cells
stimulated
fatty chym
stimulated
fatty chyme
intestinal gastrin
stimulated by
food in duodenum
stimulates gastric glands
in stomach
motilin
stimulated by fasting
neural stimuli
stimulates
migrating motor complex
secretin
stimulated by
acidic chyme
inhibites
gastric gland secrition
increase
pancreatic juice
bile output
liver can no longer store bile
bile flows directly into duodenum
other factors
clog feeding tube
diet
make sure to flush properly
recommended
calories
vitamins
minerals
fiber
fluids
enzyme treatments
effect
diarrhea
reduce fat intake
fried food
high fat meats
bacon
sausage
fries
potato chips
high fat dairy
butter
cheese
ice cream
whole milk
symptoms
bloated after eating
feeling full after eating small amounts of food
nausea
heartburn
indigestion
treatment
surgery
medications
radiation
chemotherapy
poor appetite
blood in stool
causes
diet
low vegetable intake
high salty food
family history
infections
helicobacter pylory
long term
stomach inflammation
smoking
effects of Feeding tube
digestive system
feeding tube nutrition
bypassing the mouth
taste buds
food is not going to have a lot of flavor
nose receptors
will take over
flavors are going to come primarily from the nose
bypassing the esophagus
no peristalsis
effect
food
cannot be broken down
movement of food to stomach
bypassing the stomach
effects
has to be liquid form
effect
food is going to be moved down the esophagus
different mechanism
food can no longer be stored
has to be digested and absorb immediately
no food degrading
muscularis
will become thiner
parietal cells
produce acid
damage the tubing
no stimulation
reduce production of acid
Chief Cells
not stimulated
reduce secretion of lipases
no stimuli for hormone production
Histamine
serotonin
somatostatin
gastrin
no inhibition for gastric secretions, absorption, and bile release
parietal cells will decrease the production of HCL
no contractions in stomach muscles
decrease stimulation of intestinal muscles
slow digestion process
fat digesting enzymes
bypassing the duodenum
no enteropeptidase
no additional bile stored in gallbladder
hard to emulsify fats
no digestive enzymes activated from pancreas
hard to digest
startch
fats
nucleic acis
proteins
no fat digestion
hard to absorb fat soluble vitamins
less absorption
since its hard to digest
malabsorption
of nutrients
treatments
nutritional supplements
low fat
missing gallbladder
enzymes
replace those of the pancreas
vitamins and minerals
water
hydration
carbs
hight proteins
skin
fuel
muscle
blood
cartilage