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Male patient with a feeding tube bypassing esophagus, stomach and duodenum

- - - - bypassing organs
        
        esophagus
        
        in charge
        
        propulsion
        
        peristalsis
        
        carry food
        
        contracts and relaxes
        
        spharynx
        
        to stomach
        
        stomach
        
        store
        
        degrade food
        
        physically
        
        peristaltic waves
        
        chemically
        
        parietal cells
        
        hydrochloric acid
        
        1 more item...
        
        instrinsic factor
        
        chief cells
        
        pepsinogen
        
        1 more item...
        
        no stimulation for these hormones
        
        gastrin
        
        increase HCL secretion
        
        stimulates gastric emptying
        
        contractions of intestinal muscles
        
        relaxes eleocecal valve
        
        stimulates mass movements
        
        stimulated
        
        food (protein) in stomach
        
        Histamine
        
        activate parietal cells to release HCL
        
        stimulated
        
        food in stomach
        
        serotonin
        
        causes contractions of stomach muscle
        
        stimulated
        
        food in stomach
        
        duodenum
        
        digestion
        
        mix contents
        
        with digestive juices
        
        absorption
        
        end products
        
        carbs
        
        fuel
        
        2 more items...
        
        proteins
        
        enzymes
        
        hormones
        
        building blocks
        
        4 more items...
        
        fats
        
        store energy
        
        insulate
        
        protect
        
        mucleic acid
        
        DNA
        
        1 more item...
        
        vitamins
        
        bones
        
        heal wonds
        
        immune system
        
        water
        
        hydration
        
        no stimulation for Hormones
        
        CCK
        
        secretiins actions on organs
        
        pancreas
        
        1 more item...
        
        liver
        
        1 more item...
        
        stimulated
        
        fatty chym
        
        GIP
        
        inhibits HCL production
        
        in stomach
        
        stimulates insulin release
        
        pancreas beta cells
        
        stimulated
        
        fatty chyme
        
        intestinal gastrin
        
        stimulated by
        
        food in duodenum
        
        stimulates gastric glands
        
        in stomach
        
        motilin
        
        stimulated by fasting
        
        neural stimuli
        
        stimulates
        
        migrating motor complex
        
        secretin
        
        stimulated by
        
        acidic chyme
        
        inhibites
        
        gastric gland secrition
        
        increase
        
        pancreatic juice
        
        bile output
        
        oral cavity
        
        mouth
        
        masticate
        
        mechanical breakdown
        
        bolus
        
        1 more item...
        
        salivary glands
        
        enzymes
        
        amylase
        
        1 more item...
        
        metabolic waste
        
        electrolytes
        
        tongue
        
        taste buds
        
        unable to taste food
      - other factors
        
        clog feeding tube
        
        make sure to flush properly
        
        diet
        
        recommended
        
        calories
        
        vitamins
        
        minerals
        
        fiber
        
        fluids
        
        enzyme treatments
  - - - symptoms
        
        bloated after eating
        
        feeling full after eating small amounts of food
        
        nausea
        
        heartburn
        
        indigestion
        
        poor appetite
        
        blood in stool
      - treatment
        
        surgery
        
        medications
        
        radiation
        
        chemotherapy
      - causes
        
        diet
        
        low vegetable intake
        
        high salty food
        
        family history
        
        infections
        
        helicobacter pylory
        
        long term
        
        stomach inflammation
        
        smoking
    - - gallbladder
        
        liver can no longer store bile
        
        bile flows directly into duodenum
        
        effect
        
        diarrhea
        
        reduce fat intake
        
        fried food
        
        fries
        
        potato chips
        
        high fat meats
        
        bacon
        
        sausage
        
        high fat dairy
        
        butter
        
        cheese
        
        ice cream
        
        whole milk
- - - - muscular tube winds through the body from mouth to anus
      - function
        
        digest
        
        break down food in to smaller fragments
        
        absorb
        
        digested fragments through its lining into blood
      - structure
        
        layers
        
        mucosa
        
        epithelial membrane
        
        secretes
        
        mucus
        
        enzymes
        
        hormones
        
        absorbs end products of digestion into blood
        
        protect
        
        against infectious disease
        
        sublayers
        
        epithelium
        
        simple columnar epithelium with mucus secreting cells
        
        lamina propria
        
        loose areolar connective tissue
        
        muscularis mucosae
        
        smooth muscle cells
        
        Submucosa
        
        areolar connective tissue
        
        rich in blood vessels
        
        lymphatic vessels
        
        lymphoid follicles
        
        nerve fibers
        
        elastic fibers
        
        Muscularis Externa
        
        smooth muscle
        
        responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
        
        Serosa (outmost)
        
        areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium
      - Blood supply
        
        splachnic circulation
        
        arteries branch off abdominal aorta to digestive organs
        
        hepatic portal circulation
      - Nervous system
        
        enteric nervous system (gut Brain)
        
        inhouse nerve supply of the alimentary canal
        
        short reflexes
        
        long reflexes
        
        CNS integration center and extrinsic
      - organs
        
        Pharynx
        
        oropharynx
        
        laryngopharynx
        
        esophagus
        
        muscular tube
        
        propulsion
        
        goes through
        
        esophageal hiatus
        
        cardiac sphincter
        
        stomach
        
        layers
        
        mucosa
        
        stratifed squamous epithelium
        
        submucosa
        
        areolar connective tissue
        
        muscularis externa
        
        circular layer
        
        longitudinal layer
        
        adventitia
        
        fibrous connective tissue
        
        Stomach
        
        storage tank
        
        degrades food both physically and cheically
        
        chyme
        
        anatomy
        
        rugae
        
        folds
        
        fundus
        
        dome shaped part
        
        body
        
        mid portion of stomach
        
        pyloric part
        
        antrum
        
        canal
        
        spincter
        
        curves
        
        greater curvature
        
        lesser curvature
        
        types of gland cells
        
        mucous neck cells
        
        acidic mucus
        
        parietal cells
        
        secrete HCL
        
        chief cells
        
        produces
        
        pepsinogen
        
        enteroendocrine cells
        
        release hormones
        
        serotonin
        
        Gastrin
        
        Histamine
        
        somatostatin
        
        digestive process in stomach
        
        Propulsion
        
        peristalsis
        
        mechanical breakdown
        
        churning
        
        digestion
        
        enzymatic breakdown
        
        absorption
        
        alcohol and aspirin
        
        peristaltic wave
        
        propulsion
        
        grinding
        
        retropulsion
        
        small intestines
        
        digestion and absorption
        
        carbohydrates
        
        proteins
        
        fats
        
        nucleic acid
        
        vitamins
        
        electrolytes
        
        water
        
        anatomy
        
        ileocecal sphincter
        
        where it joins large intestine
        
        duodenum
        
        major duodenal papilla
        
        jejunum
        
        connects duodenum and ileum
        
        ileum
        
        ileocecal valve
        
        stucure
        
        circular folds
        
        villi
        
        microvilli
        
        lymphatic vessels
        
        large intestine
        
        functions
        
        digestion
        
        remaining food with gut bacteria
        
        absorb
        
        remaining water, electrolytes and vitamins
        
        propulsion
        
        propels feces toward rectum
        
        defecation
        
        eliminates feces
        
        anatomy
        
        ascending colon
        
        right hepatic flexure
        
        trasverse colon
        
        left splenic flexure
        
        descending colon
        
        sigmoid colon
        
        rectum
        
        internal anal sphincter
        
        external anal sphincter
    - - gallbladder
        
        inferior surface of liver
        
        stores bile
        
        for digestion
        
        muscular wall
        
        contracts
        
        expel bile to cystic duct
      - pancreas
        
        produces inactive enzymes
        
        proteases
        
        for proteins
        
        amylase
        
        for starch
        
        lipases
        
        for fats
        
        nucleases
        
        for nucleic acids
        
        acini
        
        enzyme rich component
        
        ducts
        
        water and bicarbonate
      - liver
        
        produces bile
        
        exports to duodenum
        
        emulsifies fats
        
        anatomy
        
        lobes
        
        right lobe
        
        left lobe
        
        caudate lobe
        
        quadrate lobe
        
        falciform ligament
        
        holds liver
        
        lobules
        
        six corners
        
        portal triad
        
        hepatic artery
        
        hepatic portal vein
        
        bile duct
    - - ingestion (eating)
        
        taking food into digestive tract
        
        mouth (oral Cavity)
        
        lips
        
        cheeks
        
        palate
        
        hard palate
        
        soft palate
        
        teeth
        
        masticate
        
        tear and grind food
        
        smaller fragments
        
        incisors
        
        2
        
        canine
        
        1
        
        premolars
        
        2
        
        molars
        
        3
        
        structure
        
        crown
        
        enamel
        
        neck
        
        root
        
        cement
        
        root canal
        
        apical foramen
        
        dentin
        
        dentinal tubules
        
        salivary glands
        
        types
        
        parotid gland
        
        sublingual gland
        
        submandibular gland
        
        functions
        
        cleanses mouth
        
        dessolves chemicals
        
        moistens food
        
        contains enzymes
        
        amylase
        
        saliva
        
        electrolites
        
        enzymes
        
        metamolic waste
        
        protein mucin
        
        lysozyme and IgA
        
        tongue
        
        floor of mouth
        
        form bolus
      - propulsion
        
        moves food through alimentary canal
        
        peristalsis
        
        alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
      - Mechanical breakdown
        
        physical preparation
        
        chewing
        
        mixing
        
        churning
        
        segmentation
      - digestion
        
        enzyme secrition
        
        chemical breakdown
      - Absorption
        
        abosorption of mucosal cells in to blood
        
        vitamins
        
        minerals
        
        water
      - Defecation
        
        eliminate indigestible substances
        
        feces
    - - peritoneum
        
        viceral
        
        cover digestive organs
        
        parietal
        
        lines body walls
      - mesentery
        
        double layer of peritoneum
        
        provides
        
        blood vessels
        
        lymphatics
        
        nerves
        
        holds organ in place
        
        store fat
- - - - bypassing the mouth
        
        taste buds
        
        food is not going to have a lot of flavor
        
        nose receptors
        
        will take over
        
        flavors are going to come primarily from the nose
        
        effect
        
        food
        
        cannot be broken down
        
        has to be liquid form
      - bypassing the esophagus
        
        no peristalsis
        
        movement of food to stomach
        
        muscularis
        
        will become thiner
        
        effect
        
        food is going to be moved down the esophagus
        
        different mechanism
      - bypassing the stomach
        
        effects
        
        food can no longer be stored
        
        has to be digested and absorb immediately
        
        no food degrading
        
        parietal cells
        
        produce acid
        
        damage the tubing
        
        no stimulation
        
        reduce production of acid
        
        Chief Cells
        
        not stimulated
        
        reduce secretion of lipases
        
        1 more item...
        
        no stimuli for hormone production
        
        Histamine
        
        parietal cells will decrease the production of HCL
        
        serotonin
        
        no contractions in stomach muscles
        
        somatostatin
        
        no inhibition for gastric secretions, absorption, and bile release
        
        gastrin
        
        decrease stimulation of intestinal muscles
        
        slow digestion process
      - bypassing the duodenum
        
        no enteropeptidase
        
        no digestive enzymes activated from pancreas
        
        hard to digest
        
        startch
        
        fats
        
        nucleic acis
        
        proteins
        
        malabsorption
        
        of nutrients
        
        treatments
        
        1 more item...
        
        no additional bile stored in gallbladder
        
        hard to emulsify fats
        
        no fat digestion
        
        hard to absorb fat soluble vitamins
        
        less absorption
        
        since its hard to digest
    - - low fat
        
        missing gallbladder
      - enzymes
        
        replace those of the pancreas
      - vitamins and minerals
      - water
        
        hydration
      - carbs
        
        fuel
      - hight proteins
        
        skin
        
        muscle
        
        blood
        
        cartilage