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22 year old males testicles are shrinking (Hormonal Pathway from…
22 year old males testicles are shrinking
Abuse of Steroids
Injection of Anabolic Steroids
Taking Estrogen
Other Physiological Causes
Bacterial Infection
Hormonal Imbalance
Why people take steroids
Enhanced Physical Performance
Beauty Complexity
Continued abuse of Steroids
Higher Risk of Blood Clots
Stroke
Heart Attack
Enlargement of the Prostate Gland
Prostate Cancer
Decreased count of sperm
Infertility
Stops abuse of Steroids
Physiological withdrawal effects
Low blood pressure
Vomitting
Weight Loss
Psychological withdrawal effects
Depression
Lack of Sex drive
Anxiety
A healthier body and happier person
Functions of the Endocrine System
Regulates growth, development and metabolism
Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
Controls digestive processes and reproductive activites
2 Different Hormones
Steroids
Lipid Soluble
Formed from cholesterol
stimulate cellular activity by binding to intracellular receptors
the hormone-receptor complex activates a region of DNA resulting in the production of proteins
Proteins
Water Soluble
Consists of Amino Acid Chains
bind with plasma membrane receptors
the hormone causes the activation of G protein resulting in an intracellular enzymatic cascade
Major Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Secretes hormones into bloodstream
TSH, PRL, FSH, LH,ACTH, GH are all major hormones secreted
Pineal Gland
Stimulates the biological clock and circadian rhythms
Secretes Melationin
Thyroid Gland
Increases metabolic rates of cells and increases heat production
T3 and T4 hormones are secreted
Adrenal Gland
Participates in stress response and regulates immune system and blood pressure
Aldosterone, Cortisol, epinephrine are secreted
Hormonal Pathway from Hypothalamus to Testes
GnRH secreted by hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LSH
LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein which keeps testosterone levels high in the testis
Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH secretion
Rising sperm count levels cause sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin which further inhibits FSH secretion
Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics
Negative Feedback Loop
Resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus
Variable is maintained within the normal level, set point
Positive Feedback Loop
Stimulus is continued in the same direction until a climatic event occurs
after the event, the body returns to normal level