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witchcraft - section c (science (copernicus (ideas (Heliocentric model of…

- - - - They could hear the sound of a drum playing military marches
      - Sound of scratching/dog panting
      - They could see strange lights
      - Smell sulphur (linked to the Devil)
      - Objects were thrown around rooms, and horses injured
      - Beds were raised in the air
    - - At the time, the importance of the case does not lie in the fact that there doubts raised about Mompesson’s account or the disturbances
        A national consensus existed that supernatural forces were to blame
      - The case has been revisited a number of times and, with developments in beliefs and scientific knowledge - they became suspicious of Mompesson, his claims and to the extent that witchcraft existed.
  - - - Accusers charged her with conversing with the Devil in the shape of a cat.
      - 16 witnesses gave evidence including an ointment under pillow allegedly made from human fat.
      - She stumbled when reciting the Lord’s Prayer
      - Sir Powell (judge) was sceptible of the evidence.
      - A Witness claimed to see Wenham flying, but he stated there is no law against it.
  - - - Margaret Elnore case - The consequence of accusation is she is already from a family of convicted witches so it was brought on by speculation of that, and she had the ‘devil’s mark’ on her.
      - Sarah Murdock case - Murdock was accused of witchcraft from her neighbours and this was already dismissed by a judge before Holt - however, due to the dismissal, neighbours had protested against this decision, so this created more speculation of her being a witchcraft.
- - - - Heliocentric model of the solar system
      - Still uses the idea of spheres
      - Presented as Platonic theory only
    - - Dared to question the established and protected belief that the Earth was at the centre of the universe, showing that the Bible may not be fundamentally accurate.
      - The idea that the Earth moved at all was new, and by questioning Bible fundamentalism he encouraged future scientists and influencers to question the same thing and provide alternative explanations for how the world works.
      - On the other hand, banning the book may have popularised it, and the power of the church was limited in some places following the reformation.
    - - He was forced to say his work was Platonic theory instead of Aristotelian fact, to avoid being accused of blasphemy, meaning he presented this idea as merely a theory.
      - His book ‘De revolutionibus orbium coelestium’ was banned, reducing impact - banning would have been much more effective than it is now due to the power of the Catholic Church.
  - - - Elliptical orbits
      - Planets closer to the Sun move more quickly
      - Distance from Sun cubed is proportional to time of orbit squared
    - - Kepler had a neoplatonic way of thinking, Neoplatonic mixed aristotelian approaches and platonic approaches
      - Helped inspire Newton's theory of gravity and Galileo
      - His idea that planets travel in elliptical orbits disputed ancient views of planets moving in circles
    - - Publishing: Mysterium Cosmographicum (cosmic mystery): asserted his strong religious faith insisting universe was perfectly designed by God
      - If God exists, then the devil exists and witchcraft is “real”
      - Kepler's mother was accused of witchcraft and was imprisoned
  - - - Proved Kepler’s Laws mathematically
      - Laws of Motion
      - Universal gravitation
      - Developed calculus
      - Theories published in Principia Mathematica
    - - Newton’s discoveries support the idea that there are no special forces controlling the movement of planets
      - Newton succeeded in making his calculations work, leaving no grey areas or mysteries
      - Newton’s accolades would have made him a public figure and therefore people would know about him- increasing his influence
      - The public did not know that Newton was an alchemist- kept away from the public eye
    - - Believed in God- hypocritical
      - Newton never explained why there was gravity- he simply came up with the equations for universal gravitation
      - Some of his work had been withdrawn in fear of backlash from the church and to avoid being condemned by the Inquisition
      - Most people were unable to understand his findings as they were written in a way no one without a good education could read
      - Principia Mathematica was written in Latin so it would have been difficult to read
      - Went against the belief that God created everything in a fixed position therefore people were less likely to believe Isaac’s findings
  - - - Regular meetings of members to discuss theories and experiments
      - Published its minutes and details of discoveries in its journal.
      - Philosophical Transactions.
      - Had public lectures and demonstrations.
      - Promoted cooperation with foreign scientists and was copied in other countries.
      - Had many influential members who were not themselves scientists
    - - It would have also had an impact in changing the attitudes of judges who were prosecuting. Such as Sir John Holt. This would led to a reduction which trails but not general belief in witches
      - Furthered scientific knowledge, leading to explanations for events that were unknown. This would led to a reduction in the belief of witchcraft. It would no longer seem realistic to blame witchcraft for events but more likely something that was yet to be understood as had previously occurred with other scientific beliefs.
    - - Work of the royal society would have had limited impact as they would only be known by the upper class members of society who were educated. However most accusations and witch crazes occured in areas of poverty by the uneducated mass.
      - Early Philosophical Transactions editions involved investigations into alchemy. This may have reduced their impact as although they came out new knowledge they were also in this way reaffirming belief in magic.
      - Furthermore Philosophical Transaction would have had a limited audience. It is likely that only people in london and with an education would have read it.
      - Members of the royal society still held the belief in witchcraft themselves. For example Glanville argued for the existence of witches.
      - However more social inertia for witchcraft. One king belief does not change the entire countries belief