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Ch.10 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal…

- - - - refers to
        
        brightness
        
        light intensity
      - affected by
        
        position of plants
        
        in reference to the ground
        
        cloud cover
        
        location
      - Adaptions by plants
        
        production of dead trichomes
        
        plant hairs
        
        coating of wax
        
        accessory pigments
        
        carotenoid
        
        absorbs some damaging wavelengths
    - - number of hours per day
        
        of sunlight
      - affected by
        
        location of plant
        
        time of the year
      - affects
        
        longer days
        
        many plants
        
        photosynthesis speeds up
        
        some plants
        
        run out of storage
    - - refers to
        
        colors
        
        wavelengths it contains
      - during
        
        sunset and sunlight
        
        light passes tangentially
        
        blue is deflected downward
        
        ground level enriched in red
        
        only lasts a few minutes
        
        noon
        
        light passes vertically
        
        more blue light is transmitted
        
        allows for efficient photosynthesis
        
        green transmitted
        
        yellow transmitted
        
        red transmitted
  - - - found in
        
        most temperate and tropical plants
        
        excellent for
        
        absorbing carbon dioxide
        
        inefficient for
        
        water conservation
    - - excellent for
        
        water conservation
      - inefficient for
        
        absorbing carbon dioxide
  - - - greatly affects photosynthesis
    - - keep stomata open
        
        water is lost
      - at night stomata is closed
        
        to retain water
- - - - compounds
        
        found in oxidized form
        
        nitrate
        
        sulfate
        
        carbon dioxide
        
        other trace compounds
      - oxygen
    - - can be
        
        oxidized
        
        carry less electrons
        
        create bonds with oxygen
        
        covalent
        
        increases
        
        positive charge
        
        usually contain
        
        great deal of oxygen
        
        pull electrons away
        
        most common state
        
        in atmosphere
        
        reduced
        
        electrons are added
        
        reduces
        
        positive charge
        
        contain hydrogen
        
        gives up electrons
        
        most common state
        
        in organisms
    - - plants
        
        take in oxidized materials
        
        water
        
        convert into
        
        fats
        
        reduced compounds
        
        other compounds
        
        carbohydrates
        
        carbon dioxide
      - heterotrophs
        
        consume
        
        plants
        
        compounds already reduced
        
        still need reducing powers
        
        1 more item...
      - reducing power
        
        solution to moving and handling
        
        use
        
        small molecules
        
        mobile
        
        semistable
        
        molecules used
        
        NADP+
        
        can pick up
        
        pair of
        
        electrons and a proton
        
        NAD+
        
        when reducing compound
        
        proton is released
        
        NADP+
        
        regenerated
        
        NAD+
        
        recycles each molecule
        
        thousands per second
  - - - transport electrons
        
        over short distances
      - long hydrocarbon tail
        
        hydrophobic
        
        dissolve easily into
        
        lipid component of chloroplast's membranes
    - - small proteins
        
        moves short distances
      - carry electrons
        
        on metal atom
      - loosely associated with
        
        chloroplast membranes
    - - small proteins
        
        contain
        
        heme
        
        a cofactor
        
        holds
        
        an iron atom
      - integral part of
        
        chloroplast's thylakoid membrane
        
        cannot be removed
        
        without destroying membrane
      - carry electrons
        
        between extremely close sites
  - - - enters
        
        through photosynthesis
      - captured by
        
        plant pigments
        
        chemical reactions
        
        only two reactions work
        
        theoretical ways
        
        2 more items...
    - - essential molecule
      - small fraction
        
        plants body
      - recycled and reused
        
        thousands of times per second
      - made from
        
        ADP
        
        three ways
        
        Substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        energy source
        
        anaerobic reactions
        
        1 more item...
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation
        
        energy source
        
        oxidation with oxygen
        
        1 more item...
        
        Phosphorylation
        
        energy source
        
        sunlight
        
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- - - - Examples
        
        cyanobacteria
        
        photosynthetic bacteria
        
        algae
        
        photosynthetic plants
      - source of energy
        
        sunlight
        
        photosynthesis
    - - source of energy
        
        food
        
        proteins
        
        fats
        
        method
        
        take in
        
        organic molecules
        
        and respire them
        
        carbohydrates
      - examples
        
        protozoa
        
        wood
        
        roots
        
        bark
        
        animals
        
        most bacteria
        
        fungi
  - - - maintains orderliness
        
        methods
        
        indirectly
        
        respiration
        
        organic compounds
        
        methods
        
        2 more items...
        
        directly
        
        process of photosynthesis
        
        produces
        
        complex organic compounds
      - increases orderliness
    - - increasing
    - - part of
        
        natural world
        
        described by
        
        laws of
        
        physics
        
        chemistry
      - decrease
        
        in entropy
        
        must obey
        
        physical laws
- - - - electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        radio waves
        
        gamma rays
        
        X-rays
        
        Ultraviolet light
        
        short wavelengths
        
        large amounts of energy
        
        microwaves
        
        long wavelengths
        
        little amounts of energy
        
        visible light
        
        uses
        
        vision for most organisms
        
        plant's photosynthesis
      - Radiation
        
        thought of as either
        
        photons
        
        set of waves
        
        quanta
        
        set of particles
    - - pigments
        
        what are they
        
        any material that
        
        absorbs certain wavelengths specifically
        
        has distinctive color
        
        importance
        
        protects light-sensitive substances
        
        projects color
        
        uses of color
        
        attraction of
        
        pollinators
        
        frugivores
        
        mates
        
        photosynthetic
        
        ideal pigment
        
        black
        
        absorbs all light
        
        transfer absorbed light to
        
        electrons then
        
        enter chemical reactions
        
        should absorb
        
        high energy radiation
        
        more useful
        
        chlorophyll a
        
        only abosrbs
        
        blue
        
        absorption spectrum proves this
        
        red
        
        lets most of
        
        high energy radiation through
        
        very odd
        
        1 more item...
        
        do not use
        
        high-energy quanta
        
        would break molecule
        
        bond type
        
        conjugated double bonds
        
        double bonds that
        
        1 more item...
        
        essential photosynthetic pigment in
        
        plants
        
        cyanobacteria
        
        algae
      - photochemical process
        
        most useful pieces of information
        
        action spectrum
        
        shows which wavelengths are
        
        most efficient at powering
        
        photochemical process
        
        absorption spectrum
        
        graph that shows
        
        wavelengths are most strongly absorbed
        
        by a pigment
      - accessory pigments
        
        absorb wavelengths
        
        not absorbed by chlorophyll a
        
        overcome narrow absorption
        
        of chlorophyll a
        
        most common
        
        carotenoids
        
        poor at resonance
        
        transfer little energy
        
        importantance
        
        absorbing excessive light
        
        protect chlorophylls
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        absorb missed wavelengths
        
        through resonance
    - - pair of chlorophylls
        
        called P700
        
        absorb red light
        
        absorbed by
        
        membrane-bound electron, Fx
        
        becomes powerful reducing agent
        
        passes into
        
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        contains
        
        sulfur
        
        iron
    - - reduces P700
        
        turns into
        
        P680
        
        moves through
        
        electron transport chain
        
        to P700
      - process
        
        plastocyanin
        
        donates electron to
        
        chlorophyll a of Photosystem I
        
        receives new electron from
        
        cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        2 more items...
  - - - conversion of
        
        carbon dioxide to
        
        carbohydrates occures
        
        also called
        
        Calvin/Benson cycle
    - - ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
        
        reacts with
        
        carbon dioxide
        
        new molecule breaks apart
        
        forms two identical molecules
        
        3-phosphoglycerate
        
        ATP donates phosphate
        
        1 more item...
  - - - synthetic pathways of
        
        fats
        
        storage forms of
        
        carbon
        
        energy
        
        polysaccharides
    - - intermediate term
        
        Simple sugar glucose
        
        cause cells to
        
        absorb water through osmosis
        
        disaccharide sucrose
        
        move from cell to cell
        
        location
        
        blood stream
        
        vascular tissue
        
        can last
        
        months or weeks
      - long term
        
        starch
        
        lasts for years
        
        large polymer of glucose
        
        does not cause
        
        cell to absorb water
        
        lipids
        
        stored in large quantities
        
        can be synthesized rapidly
      - short term
        
        ATP and NADPH
        
        used within cell
        
        last only briefly
    - - anabolic synthesis of glucose
        
        gluconeogenesis
      - steps
        
        PGAL to cytoplasm
        
        converted to
        
        dihydroxyacetone phosphate
        
        denses with 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
        
        forms fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
        
        1 more item...
      - plants
        
        store starch in
        
        chloroplasts
        
        amyloplasts