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22 year-old male with testicular shrinkage (Major Endocrine glands…
22 year-old male with testicular shrinkage
injects steroids for several months
body builder trying to gain more muscle mass
Function of Endocrine System
regulates development growth and metabolism
maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume
controls digestive processes
controls reproductive activitieas
Two hormones
Lipid Soluble
Diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to a receptor protein includes steriods
Water Soluble
bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane includes proteins
Major Endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormones
Prolactin
breast milk production and mammary gland growth
Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)
controls development of oocyte and ovarian follicle within ovaries and controls sperm production in the testes
Luteinizing hormone(LH)
ovulation in woman controls testosterone synthesis in testes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods
Growth Hormone(GH)
release insulin-like growth factors(IGFs) from liver GH and IGFs function synergistically to induce growth
Pineal Gland
melatonin
helps regulate circadian rhythms
Thyroid Gland
Triiodothyronine(T3)
Tetraiodothyronine(T4)
increase metabolic rate of all cells
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids(Salts)
increase potassium levels and decrease sodium levels excreted in the urine
Glucocorticoids(Sugar)
increase nutrients available in blood
Gonadocorticoids(Sex)
stimulates maturation and function of reproductive system
Adrenal Muedulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
prolong effects on the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
Gonads
Ovaris
Estrogen and progesteron
stimulates the secondary sex characteristics
Testes
Testosterone
secondary sex characteristics
Inhibin
inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)
Hormonal pathway Hypothalamus to the testes
1.) the hypothalamus initiates spermatogenesis by secreting GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
2.)FSH and LH target the testes and stimulate both spermatogenesis and androgen production.
3.) Levels of Increase of testosterone have various immediate effects on body.
high testosterone levels facilitate spermatogenesis. However, this same circulating testosterone inhibits GnHR secretion and reduces anterior pituitary sensitivity to GnHR, Rising levels of testosterone have a negative feed back loop.
4.) Sustentacular cells respond to rising sperm count levels and secrete inhibin.
Inhibin causes to stop FSH secretion serves as an additional negative feed back
5.) Circulating testosterone stimulates libido and development of sex characteristics.
Feedback Loops
Up-Regulation
increase of receptors which increases the cell's sensitivity to a hormone
Down-Regulation
a decrease of receptors which decreases the cell's sensitivity to a hormone
Negative Feedback
the resulting action will always go in the opposite direction of a stimulus
Positive feedback
stimulus is reinforced the stimulus is in the same direction until it has to stop
If he continues
may cause down-regulation in receptors of testosterone in which his body will slow down the production of FSH and LH
Infertility
permanent shrinkage of the testicles
may also cause testicular cancer
may have to be on low dosage of testosterone for the rest of his life
a decrease in sex drive
If he stops
he will have to be slowly led off testosterone
gaining of weight
he will have an increase of esterogen
he will lose his muscle mass
his testicle may go back their regular size but they may remain the same depending if he has lost some of his receptors
If he stopped suddenly
he may have mental problems and go through withdraws