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Chapter 10 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental Internal…
Chapter 10 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Energy and Reducing Power
Energy
transported
GTP
ATP
small fraction of the plant
recycled from ADP
ADP turns to ATP by photo-phosphorylation
uses light
occurs in the chloroplasts
consumed food forces phosphate on group
Substrate-level phosphorylation
done by Heterotrophs
oxidative phosporlation
great source of energy
Reducing Powers
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidized
carries less electrons
electrons are removed
oxygen is usually present
oxygen pulls electrons away
Reducing Angents
NADPH
NADH
Other Carriers
Plastocyanin
does not travel far
uses copper
Cytochromes
carries electrons from close together sites
uses Iron
Reduction
electrons are added
hydrogen tends to give electrons
hydrogen is usually present
carries more electrons
Oxidizing Agents
NADP+
NAD+
Other Carriers
Plastoquinones
dissolves in lipids
short distances within membrane
measured by the oxidation numbers
ability to force electrons onto compounds
NAD+ and NADP+
uses small molecules
uses same mechanism for efficiency
small # of carrier molecules
recycles molecules
Environmental Internal Factors
Water
prevents CO2 from entering
stromas keep water in
Leaf Structure
surface area
minimize water loss
Light
quality
wavelengths
color of light
low-light plants adjust pigments
accessory pigments help continue photosynthesis
helps absorbs more light on spectrum
duration
can cause over starch production
amount of time sunlight is available
quantity
intensity
brightness
Metabolisms
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
similar to C4 metabolism
PEP is carboxylated forming at C4
advantageous in hot and dry climates
#
C4 metabolism
photorespiration
uses RuBP carboxlase instead of oxygen
same molecule
expensive process
CO2 diffusion depends on concentration
like aerobic respiration
Light Reactions
Absorbtion
Pigments
pigments absorbed certain wavelengths
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll absorbes low energy
use excited electrons for chemical reactions
doesn't use high-level quanta
energizes electrons
unchange in billions of years
absorbes red and blue light
common pigments
melanin from skin
flowers and fruits
fluorescence
releases of light by pigment
changes reception of light
Environmental Effects
athmosphere
temperature relationship
as carbon increases temperature increases
global warming
change of wind around world
farming is changing
greenhouse effect
greenhouse gases
carbon trapped in atmosphere
removing our protection
can relate to UV mutations
changes ozone
Carbon is like a pigment
both absorb light
mollusk remove carbon when they die
humans supply a large amount of CO2 from fire
Water levels
water speed changes habitats
water levels increasing, water decreasing
Photochemical process
Absorption spectrum
matches the action spectrum
Shows what wavelength get absorbed
Accessory Pigments
#
matches the two spectrums together
absorbed other wavelengths
Antenna Complex
Reaction center
Thylakoid membranes
contains photosyntheci units
sets of assessory pigments
Action spectrum
needs absorption to be even
shows efficient wavelengths
Photosystems
Photosystem II
reduces P700
backwards of photosystem I
continuous transfer of electrons
uses ETC to produce ATP
uses water to grab disposable electrons
uses plastocyanin to grab electrons
used to reduce and oxidize
Photosystem I
Fx is used to transfer electrons
powerful reducing agent
passes to ferredoxin
Absorbs red light the most
ATP Synthesis
granas of thylakoids
surrounding liquid is the stroma
composed of thylakoid lumen
critical part of photosystems
not permeable
inner membrane of chloroplast
leads to an electron flow
cyclic electron transport
efficient ATP production
uses water
noncyclic electron transport
Light waves
Radiation
photons
quanta
segment on electromagnetic radiation spectrum
plants use this light for photosynthesis
lights from spectrum produce carbohydrates
most animals see 350nm to 760nm
Photosynthesis
definition: synthesis using light
CO2 is reduced
converts to Carbohydrate
Stroma Reactions
acceptor molecule RuBP
large level of enzymes
complex of enzymes
RUBISCO
carboxylation
Carbons are reduced and oxidized
DPG
3 PGAL
pool of carbons
used to make sugars
constructs larger molecules
2 more items...
C3 cycle
#
used for gylcolysis
energy is supplied
CO2+ H20 to for Carbohydrates
abundant compounds
cheap materials
obtain little chemical energy
cost little enrgy to gather
Carbs store energy well
stable and nontoxic
safe and useful in the process
most chemicals are toxic
safe to absorb large portions
