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Introduction to English Linguistics (Morphology (Affixiation in Language…
Introduction to English Linguistics
What is Language/Linguistics?
Hockett´s design features
vocal-auditory channel
broadcast transmission and directional reception
transitoriness of signal
interchangeability
total feedback
specilisation
semanticity
arbitrariness
discreteness
displacement
productivity
traditional transmission
duality of patterning
Animal communication case studies
waggle dance of bees
alarm call of vervet monkeys
"Scientific discipline concerened with language"
Ferdinand De Saussure
"founder of modern linguistics"
De saussurean structuralism
langue
systematic regularities of language
parole
concrete use by individual
diachrony
Study of language from pov of historical developement
synchrony
from pov of theoretical point in time disregarding changes
prescriptive rules
value judgements which you should use in order to sound educated
descriptive rules
describes how people use it
Morphology
Important terms
Lexis
Set of ALL possible words in language
Lexicon
Vocab of a person or a branch of knowledge, etc
Lexicography
producing dictionarys
Lexicology
Deals with words
Morpheme
smallest meaning bearing unit of language
classification
types of morphemes
free
lexical(open)
grammatical(closed)
bound
lexical(open)
prefix
suffix
grammtical (closed)
suffix
derivational
semantic info, new concept
create new lexemes
may change word class
-less, -ness, un-
inflectional
grammatical info, same concept
never change word class
always suffix
Word definition
Type 1
sequence of letters
Type 2
Word as thought unit
Type 3
Word as minimal free form
Morph
real unit
Allomorph
phonologically conditioned
plural morpheme
negative prefix
Lexically Conditioned
irregular verbs and plural forms
Portmanteau Morph
One Morph stands for more than one morpheme
Cranberry Morph
Affixiation in Language
base
part of word you add affixes
root
all inflectional suffixes off
stem
all affixes taken off
infix
circumfix
reduplication
types of languages
isolating
agglunative
fusional
Word formation processes
Derivational processes
creating new lexemes
deriv. suffixes
may change word class
nominal
adverbial
verbal
adjectival
specific suffixes
agentive
instrumental
diminuitive
gender-marking
deriv. prefixes
can change word class
neg. prefix
half-X
'augumentative
Terms
Productivity
Blocking
phonological restriction
morphological restriction
Compunding(concentative process)
endocentric compund
exocentric compound
stress patterns
obscurity of meaning
variable ortography
Conversion/functional shift
Shortening/non concentative
Shortening of Names
Clipping
Hypocorism
Acronym
Alphabetism
Blending(portmonteau words)
back-formation
unusual
eponym
neoclassical
coinage
Semantics
lexical semantics
isolated word
denotation
conotation
structuralist semantics
Semiotic triangle
symbol
thought/reference
referent
problems
not everybody has same models of sepecific entities
imaginary entities
abstract entities
not all meaning can be reduced to reference
Lexical/semantic fields
categories
problems
boundaries often fuzzy
overlaps
gaps exist
upside
not simply theoretical -> psychological reality
helpful when discussing regional differences
language internal view
componential analysis/semantic feature analysis
Sense relations
non hierachical
synonymy
oppositions
non gradable antonymy
gradable antonymy
relational oppositeness/converseness
directional oppositeness/reverseness
hierachical
hyponymy
hyperonym
hyponym
co-hyponym
meronymy
holonym
meronym
lexical ambiguity
polysemy
homonomy
homonym
homograph
homophone
Cognitive semantics
prototype theory
based on prototypes
some better than others
upsides
more flexible
can handle fuzzy boundaries
downsides
cant handle abstracts
cant handle connative differences
cant handle syntagmatic relations
how we percieve world
Cant handle all problems by their own
sentence semantics
individual word
grammatical structure
context of use
Phonetics
articulatory phonetics
sound production
Phonemic transcription/segmental phonology
description and classification of vowels
height of tounge
close
half-close
half-open
open
part of tounge involved
front
central
back
position of lips
unrounded
rounded
short or long
diphtongs
closing
opening
centering
description and classification of consonants
manner of articulation
obstruents
plosives
fricatives
affricatives
sonorants
nasal
approximants
glides
liquids
laterals[l]
r-variants
state of glottis
voiced/vocal folds close together
unvoiced/open vocal folds
place of articulation
labiodental
interdental/apicodental
alveolar
postalveolar
palatal
velar
glottal
rhotics
bilabial
why?
different spellings of same sound
different sound of same spelling
silent letters
missing letter
!EPD!
IPA
suprasegmental phonology
syllables
smallest rythmic unit of speech
closed
consonant in the end
open
vowel in the end
(onset)
nucleus
(coda)
Stress
degree of force
primary stress
secondary stress
unstressed/schwa
assimilation
progressive
regressive
reciprocal
liaison
linking r
intrusive r
acoustic phonetics
sound description
auditory phonetics
sound perception
focus on parole
Phonology
sound system of language
focus on phonemes
focus on langue
Mnimal pairs
Grammar
sentence
clause
phrase
active
passive
important terms
operator
dummy-operator
S-V agreement
structure
SV
subject
intransitive Verb
SVO
Subject
transitive verb
object
SVCs
subject
linking verb
requires subject complement
subject complement
characterizes thing denoted by subject
SVCa
subject
verb
adverbial complement
if main verb is not complete without
SVOindOdir
SVOdirCo
trans verb
SVOdirCa
trans verb
phrase types
Noun phrase
(post-mod)
(pre-mod)
noun/pronoun
apposition
coordination
(det)
Verb phrase
(aux1)
modal
(aux2)
perfect
(aux3)
progressive
(aux4)
passive
verb
Analyzing
main verb
regular
irregular
Categories
tense
present
3 more items...
aspect
perfect
progressive
3 more items...
voice
active
passive
mood
indicative
imperative
subjunctive
2 more items...
Adjective Phrase
(pre-mod)
adjective
(post-mod)
functions
pre-mod in NP
Cs
Co
post-mod in NP
Adverb Phrase
(pre-mod)
Adverb
(post-mod)
functions
modifier of adjective or verb
modifier of another adverb
Prepositonal Phrase
(pre-mod)
prepositon
complement
functions
complement in NP
complement as nominal relative clause
complement as -ing clause
Structure trees
special trees
sentence in sentence
S
VP
V
S´
S
comp
interrogatives
Aux
NP
VP
S
NP
1
(det)
(AdjP)
(Adv)
Adj
N
(PP)
2
Pronoun
VP
V
(NP)
(PP)
P
NP
(aux)
declarative
interrogative
imperative
exclamative
smallest sentence parts
Verb
intransitive
transitive
linking
regular
anomalies in spelling
deletion of final -e
-y for -i
irregular
base vowel identity
Class 5
Class 1
change of base vowel identity
Class 3
no base vowel identity
Class 4
finite
non-finite
present participle
past participle
Multi-word verbs
phrasal
only require O if transitive
prepositional
require O
1st type
2nd type
3rd type
phrasal-prepositional
1st type
prepositional object
2nd type
Odir + Prepositional Object
Noun
common
count
concrete
abstract
uncount
concrete
abstract
achieving countability
find similar lexical item
partitive noun
semantic shifts!
dual class membership
proper
Adjective
Adverb
Pragmatics
Deixis
deictic expressions
object/person deixis
place deixis/spatial deixis
truly deictic
temporal deixis
deixis of manner
non-deictic way through endophoric use
anaphoric
cataphoric
symbolic -> know what speaker talks about
indexical -> have to see the speaker
Presuppostions and inference
presupposition
common ground
inference
Theory of conversational implicatures
speaker often means smth different than lexical meaning
cooperative principle
Maxims of contenr
Maxim of Quality
Maxim of Quantitiy
Maxim of relevance
Maxims of form
Maxim of Manner
flouting a maxim
Maxim clash
opting out
metalinguistic comment
Speech act theory
constatives
felicitous
infelicitous
performatives
action is performed
development by Searle
Key assumptions
all utterances are performatives
communication succesful if hearer grasps speakers intention
communication is dynamic process
speech act
locutionary act
grammatical/linguistic form
illocutionary act
intention
illocutionary force on the hearer to do smth
perlocutionary act
effect
direct speeach act
structure=function
indirect speech act
structure /=/ function
taxonomy of speech acts
direction of fit
word to world
world to word
point of force
sincerity condition
classes
directives
S.C= speaker wants hearer to do smth
world to word
commisives
world to word
S.C=speaker intends to do smth
representatives
word to world
S.C=speaker believes the proposition to be true
expressives
No direction of fit
speaker expresses his psychological state
verdictives
word to world
S.C=speaker rates smth
declaratives
no S.C
world to word and word to world
felicity conditions
propositional content
preparatory
essential
sincerety condition
Politeness theory
face
positive face
desire to be appreciated
pos politeness
negative face
desire to be independent
neg politeness
face threatening act
strategies
Don´t do the FTA
do the FTA
off record
on record
without redressive action
with redressive action
pos politeness
neg politeness
face saving act
PDR
power
distance
rank
seriousness of impostion
emergency situatuons
criticism
can´t be applied to every culture due to cultural differences concerning politeness
Semiotics
a sign
"stands for something other than itself"
is binary
signifier/sound image
signified/ concept
types of signs
iconic
direct causal or physical relation
symbolic
based on convention
indexical
imitation
"study of signs"