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Industrialization (Reforming the Industrial World (Marxism: Radical…

- - - - wealth. The large proletariat would revolt, seize the
        factories and mills from the capitalists, and produce what society needed.
      - Published in 1848, The Communist Manifesto produced few short-term results.
        Though widespread revolts shook Europe during 1848 and 1849,
      - Marx and Engels stated
        their belief that economic forces alone dominated society.
    - - Unionization
        
        Skilled workers led the way in forming unions because
        their special skills gave them extra bargaining power.
        
        In the United States, skilled workers had belonged to unions since the early
        1800s.
      - Reform Laws
        
        The new law made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old.
        Children from the ages of 9 to 12 could not work more than 8 hours a day.
        
        In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court objected to a
        
        federal child labor law, ruling that it interfered with
        
        states’ rights to regulate labor.
    - - In their manifesto, Marx and
        
        Engels argued that human societies have always been
        
        divided into warring classes. In their own time,
      - While the
        
        wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor
        
        performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions.
  - - - Women led reform movements to address this and other pressing social issues.
      - These community centers served the poor residents
        of slum neighborhoods.
    - - One of the most prominent U.S. reformers, Horace Mann
        
        of Massachusetts, favored free public education for all chil-
        
        dren. Mann,
      - In 1831, French writer Alexis de Tocqueville had con-
        
        trasted the brutal conditions in American prisons to the
        
        “extended liberty” of American society.
    - - Not until 1888 did Brazil’s huge
        enslaved population win freedom.
      - In the United States the movement to fulfill the promise of the Declaration of
        Independence by ending slavery grew in the early 1800s.
  - - - Others reformers took an even more active approach shocked by the misery and poverty of the working class a british factory owner named rovert owne improved working conditions for his employes
      - He intended this community to be a utopia or a perfect living placd
    - - In socialism, the factors of production are
        owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
      - Socialists argued that the government should plan
        the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job.
    - - English philosopher Jermey Bentham modified the ideas of Adam Smith.
      - John Stuart Mill, a philosopher and economis, led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s;
  - - - These ideas also helped bring about the Industrial Revolution
      - Smiths basic ideas were supported by british economist Thomas Malthus and David ricardo
    - - Smith’s arguments supporting free
        enterprise rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics:
      - Rather, if government allowed free trade—the flow of commerce in the
        world market without government regulation—the
- - - - In France, sustained industrial growth occurred after 1830.
      - For a variety of reasons, many European countries did not industrialize.
    - - Beginning around
        1835, Germany began to copy the British model.
      - Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its
        
        growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the
        
        Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits.
    - - Carrying the latest British advances,
        more British workers came to work with Cockerill.
      - Samuel Slater had smuggled the design of a spinning
        machine to the United States.
  - - - Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization,
        the need for resources to supply the factories of Europe,
      - Britain led in exploiting its overseas colonies for resources
        and markets.
    - - expectancy. Despite the hardships early urban work-
        
        ers suffered, population, health, and wealth eventually rose dramatically in all
        
        industrialized countries.
      - Between 1700 and 1900, revolutions in agriculture,
        production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people
  - - - During the last third of the 1800s, the
        country experienced a technological boom.
      - By the end of the 1800s, a few large, powerful companies controlled more
        than two-thirds of the nation’s railroad tracks.
    - - Elements of a modern economic system developed dur-
        ing the Industrial Revolution.
      - In the United States as elsewhere, workers earned low wages for laboring long hours,
    - - Slater built a spinning machine
        from memory and a partial design.
      - In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston
        
        and four other investors revolutionized the
        
        American textile industry.
      - In 1789, however, a young British mill worker named Samuel
        Slater emigrated to the United States.