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Chapter 21 (21.1 (Spain had Philip II as their ruler and they became a…
Chapter 21
21.1
Spain had Philip II as their ruler and they became a rich empire. Philip was a really religious emperor so religious conflict broke out. Since he had a rich empire he had a good army forces. The pope called to attack the Ottoman empire and Philip attacked a fleet of Ottoman ships. Philip tried to attack England but they destroyed his army but people thought they still had an army because of their richness.
The Spanish art demand increased and two new artists became known. They are El Greco and Velazquez. They both were Spanish artists. Greco's art puzzled many people at his time and he chose brilliant colors and he expressed emotion symbolically.
Don Quixote wrote a book called Don Quixote de la Mancha in 1605. It was about a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading to many books about heroic knights.
One of Spain's decline was inflation and it raised the prices of food and services. Spain's economy declined and many people lost their jobs. Guilds in Spain owned the economy and used the old fashioned way to sell goods.
Spanish sent an army to punish rebels that were buying supplies from other countries. On a day in 1568 the duke executed 1500 protestants and suspected rebels.
During the 1600s, the Netherlands became what Florence had been during the 1400s. It boasted not only the best bank but also many of the best artists.
21.2
Richelieu took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy. He moved against the Huguenots and he believed that Protestantism often served as an excuse for political conspiracies against Huguenots.
As France regained control of the political power, a new France intellectual movement developed. French thinkers had witnessed the religious wars with horror. What they saw made them turn toward skepticism.
Carinal Richelieu became, in effect, the ruler of France. For several years, he had been a hard working leader of the Catholics in France. He tried to lead through the moral principles.
When both Catherine and her last son died, Prince Henry inherited the throne. He Became Henry IV, the first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France. Many Catholics, including the people of Paris, opposed Henry.
In 1572, the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris sparked a 6 week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. The massacre occurred when many Huguenot nobles were in Paris. They were attending the marriage of Catherine's daughter to a Huguenot prince.
The efforts of Henry IV and Richelieu to strengthen the French monarchy paved the way for the most powerful ruler in French history Louis XIV.
21.3
The Peace of Westphalia ended the war. The treaty abandoned the idea of a Catholic empire that would rule most of Europe. It recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent state.
The the economy of central Europe developed differently from western Europe. During the Middle ages, serfs in western Europe slowly won freedom and moved to towns. There, they joined middle class townspeople , who gained economic power.
The war did great damage to Germany. Its population dropped from 20 mil to about 16 mil. Agriculture were disrupted and Germany's economy was ruined.
The Thirty Years' War was a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families. The Thirty Years' War lasted from 1618 to 1648. During the first 12 years of this, Hapsburg armies crushed the troops hired by Protestant princes.
Ferdinand sent an army into Bohemia to crush the revolt. Several German Protestant princes took this chance to challenge their Catholic emperor.This began the Thirty Years' War.
Bohemian Protestants Revolted because the future Holy Roman Empire was headed of the Hapsburg family. He ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia. The protestants in Bohemia did not trust Ferdinand.
21.4
Ivan's bad period began after Anastasia's death. He accused the boyars of poisoning his wife, Ivan turned against them. He sent his police force after them.
Peter became the sole ruler of Russia and he was known as Peter the Great because he was one of Russia's greatest reformers. He also continued the trend of increasing the czar's power.
The years from 1547 to 1560 was called Ivan's good year. He won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws and ruled justly.
In 1680s, people in Germany quarter of Moscow were accustomed to see the young Peter striding through there neighborhood. Peter was 24 years old when he became the ruler of Russia.
Ivan IV, who was also called Ivan the terrible, came to the throne in 1533 when he was only three years old. His young life was disrupted by struggles for power among Russian's landowning nobles,which are also called boyars.
In 1697 Peter embarked on the Grand Embassy which was a long visit to western Europe. One of Peter's goals was to learn about the culture of western Europe.