TEAM:
Considering economic limitations, how can Indonesia best support sustainable transportation in cities to reduce carbon emissions?
Issue and Rationale: Rationale: Indonesia produces more carbon emissions than India with ⅕ of the population, and 30% of energy consumption in Indonesia is from the transportation sector; these emissions drastically impact human health and their environment, leading to many premature deaths and bodily harm.
INDIVIDUAL:
Topic: Technology and public transportation
Lense: Technology
Issue: I will look at the current flaws of public transportation in physical hardware, such as inefficient buses. For example, their current buses are 90% based on fossil fuels and emit much pollution, and their trains are fueled by carbon but could easily be a magnet or electrified. I will then expand on these emissions to illustrate how they affect air quality and human health.
Question: What are the technical flaws of Indonesian public transportation and how do they affect carbon emissions?
Current bus transportation is unusable due to traffic congestion and buses' inability to stop reliably due to it as well as their poor ticketing system; bus lines must fix these issues before expanding
"The Influence of BRT on the Ambient PM10 Concentration at Roadside Sites of TransJakarta Corridors" argues that motorcycles block the way of bus stops, limiting their consistency in stopping at them. Due to this, motorcycle parking should be offered near bus stops to prevent drivers from parking inappropriately.
Both want reliability, but the lecture hopes to implement that with better legislation and communication while the journal finds issue with motorbikes, affecting their proposed implementation of solutions.
The sources disagree with what the specific issue is, with McNie finding inefficiency and ticketing to be the worst while the journal cites not being able to stop due to motorcycle usage. This affects how they hope to implement solutions
"Public Transport Reform in Indonesia, a Case Study in the City of Yogyakarta" finds that not having time-based ticket systems greatly limits the usability of their system and that increasing the fare to allow for reforms would improve ridership.
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"Lecture 8: Ridership Forecasting" finds that reliability is a key predictor of ridership, meaning that buses must be able to make reliable stops to function well.
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McNie would like to hold community roundtables to discuss issues such as the ticketing system to determine what needs to be fixed, but, during her time in Indonesia, found unreliability to be the biggest issue with Indonesian transportation.
Both want to fix the ticketing system and increase ridership, but McNie thinks this must come from community action while the journal wants the government to implement it directly.
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Current transportation systems are unusable due to their small range. Buses and trains should expand their scope before making any movement towards sustainability.
"The Future of Rail – Analysis" aims to expand city metro systems before making them sustainable, but does not apply this to wider train lines.
These sources agree that transportation must be made more widely available, but "the Future of Rail" desires sustainable growth while the lecture does not.
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"Lecture 8: Ridership Forecasting" argues that the ridership of public transportation can be predicted by how universally available it is. This supports that transit must offer more routes before being used.
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Kevin Krizek finds that the best way to promote public transportation is to make it convenient and accessible; this suggests that it must have a wider range of operation to work well.
Both sources agree that trains are very important, but Kevin wants trains to be mostly in cities while "The Future of Rail" hopes to use them for freight in the countryside.
The two sources are very similar, both wanting more ridership with little stress on sustainability.
Current buses run on diesel are the main cause of carbon emissions in public transportation and must be replaced before transportation is expanded.
Electric Buses
"Environmental Co-Benefits of Public Transportation Improvement Initiative: the Case of Trans-Jogja Bus System in Yogyakarta, Indonesia" states that electric buses could greatly help reduce carbon emissions, and that old buses must be replaced before routes are expanded to new areas.
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"Soot-Free Urban Bus Fleet for the Greater Jakarta" demands electric buses to be implemented by 2050, hoping to cut transportation emissions in half. It argues that this will reduce carbon-pollution related deaths.
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"Battery Electric Bus Infrastructure Planning under Demand Uncertainty" researches the costs of electric buses, but still finds them as the most viable solution. Over time, they believe that electric buses can cut 12% of operating costs, but find the initial transition financially difficult.
Both sources find that electric buses are the most viable option, but "Battery Electric Bus Infrastructure Planning under Demand Uncertainty" finds that they must be implemented slowly to be effective due to cost while the other journal wants them to immediately be put in to cut carbon pollution.
Both Mattjik and Marlina agree that electric buses are the best solution within public transportation to reduce carbon emissions at the lowest possible price.
Hydrogen Fuel
"Hydrogen: the Fuel for the 21st Century" finds that hydrogen fuel is the most efficient way to fuel buses, but it addresses the cost limitations of the fuel source. The reasons it supports this fuel source are that it is: clean, abundant, light, and can be made with water.
Both sources want to reduce carbon emissions, but the low-sulfur fuel source is more concerned about cost while the hydrogen fuel option cares more about sustainability.
Both sources discuss theoretical options, but hydrogen fuel is more closer to actuality and the TedTalk wants to completely, unrealistically overhaul all transit systems.
Low-Sulfur Fuel
"The Electric Bus Fleet Transition Problem" discusses the limitations of implementing new electric buses, finding that a short period of using low-sulfur fuel is needed before fully transitioning, supporting low-sulfur fuel as a solution.
These sources agree that new forms of buses must be found to reduce carbon, but the low-sulfur fuel option is more focused on the cheapest possible option while the "Soot-Free Urban Bus Fleet" finds immediate reduction of carbon more urgant that cost.
"Analysis of the Impacts of Fuel Sulfur on Vehicle Emissions in China" finds that 10% of all emissions could be reduced with the use of low-sulfur fuel, promoting it as a cheap solution to carbon pollution.
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Other
"What a Driverless World Could Look Like" explores new innovations in transportation, such as over-traffic buses, hoping to find a way to cut carbon emissions. It is not concerned about cost.
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Kevin Krizek explores the idea of electric bike public transportation systems such as those in the Nederlands.
Both sources focus on individualized public transportation to make it more convenient to users. Kevin is concerned with practical solutions, however, while the TedTalk discusses ideals.
Inefficient and insufficient railways running on diesel are the most problematic part of Indonesian transportation and must be replaced with sustainable options before transportation is expanded.
"The Future of Rail – Analysis" hopes to provide 97% electric trains globally by 2050. This will reduce pollution.
Both sources hope to expand rail lines, but Mattjik would like to have any trains, regardless of sustainability, and the report focuses only on electric lines.
Mirna Mattjik argues that expanding trains is the best way to support public transportation, as they are cleaner and have a higher capacity than buses.
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