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22 year old male who has been taking steroids and his testicles are…
22 year old male who has been taking steroids and his testicles are shrinking
upstream
inject anabolic steroids
based on testosterone what are other effects of taking anabolic steroids?
infertility because of the cells in the testes don't produce enough sperm due to low testosterone levels
why abuse steroids?
self image
strength, flexibility, speed
build muscle
why testicular shrinkage?
anabolic steroids are synthetic testosterone
so because of that the body stops producing natural testosterone because of negative feedback from brain
when natural testosterone stops producing then the tissue in the testes is less active when then leads to shrinkage
brain sends signal to testes to stop producing testosterone
feedback process
the feedback process in this situation is a negative one because when injecting the steroid the body recognizes it as testosterone and tells body not to produce anymore due to there being synthetic already
which results in a down regulation because the body isn't producing a lot of testosterone or the normal amount it should be producing
downstream
continue use of steriods
enlarged heart
high blood pressure
changes in blood cholesterol
increased risk of store of heart attack
blood clots
liver damage and tumors
decreased sperm count
kidney problems or failure
balding
development of breasts
risk of prostate cancer
stops using steroids
withdrawal
decreased sex drive
steroid cravings
sleep problems
loss of appetite
restlessness
fatigue
depression
suicide attempts
backgroud
2 kinds of hormones & how they act
lipid soluable
they are permeable to the plasma membrane
water soluble
they bind to plasma membrane receptor
general functions of endocrine system
regulates development, growth, and metabolism
controls reproductive activities
controls digestive processes
maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume by regulating concentrations of specific substances in the blood
concepts of feedback loops and up and down regulation
negative feedback loops
bring something back to equilibrium (homeostasis)
up regulation
when a cell increases its receptors
positive feedback loops
amplifies a situation
down regulation
when a cell decreases it receptors
hormonal pathway
high levels of testosterone stimulate spermatogensis
testosterone inhibits GnRH secretion so pituitary stops making it
sustentacular cells respond to rising sperm count levels and secrete inhibin
inhibin stops FSH production
FSH and LH go to testes and stimulate production of spermatogenesis and androgen
FSH stimulates androgen binding protein and LH stimulates testosterone
testosterone stimulates sex drive and secondary sex characteristics
hypothalamus secretes GnRH which then stimulates the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
endocrine glands
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
increase blood calcium levels
thyroid gland
triiodothyronine (T3)
metabolism
tetraiodothyronine (T4)
metabolism
calcitonin
control calcium levels
pineal gland
melatonin
helps you sleep
anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone (GH)
growth
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
increase/decrease cortisol levels
luteinizing hormone (LH)
induces ovulation of secondary oocyte and controls testosterone synthesis
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
controls development of oocyte in ovary and sperm in testes
prolactin (PRL)
milk production
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates thyroid
adrenal gland
cortisol
stress response
androgens
stimulate puberty
aldosterone
control balance of water and salt in body
norepinephrine
increases heart rate and blood pressure
epinephrine
raise glucose levels in blood
posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin
ejection of milk
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
retain salt