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Chief Complaint: 22 year old male notices his testicles are half its size.…

- - - - Relatively large doses of anabolic steroids are needed to stimulate excessive muscle development
        
        However, associated side effects with extended anabolic steroid use includes:
        
        testicular atrophy
        
        aggressive behavior
        
        kidney damage
        
        gynecomastia
        
        Risk of heart disease
    - - The Steroli cells produce the hormone inhibin, which is released into the blood when the sperm count is too high.
- - - - fatigue
      - restlessness and sleep problems
      - loss of appetite
      - decreased sex drive
- - - - hormones are relatively small, nonpolar molecules that are lipophilic and are thus able to diffuse across plasma membranes.
        
        the hormone binds to intracellular receptors located in the cytosol or nucleus to form a hormone-receptor complex
        
        The hormone-receptor complex binds to a particular DNA sequence within the nucleus called hormoneresponse elements (HREs), resulting in the subsequent transcription and translation of specific proteins.
    - - Hormone Binding and the Activation of G protein
        
        Water-soluble hormones are polar molecules that are unable to cross the plasma membrane and thus need
        to bind to a plasma membrane receptor. (Signal transduction pathway)
        
        The hormone is the signaling molecule, or first messenger, and the binding of the hormone to the receptor
        forms the second messenger within the cell.
        
        Both common signal transduction pathway function through an internal plasma membrane complex called a G protein, which changes from inactive form to active form upon the binding of hormone
        
        Activate G protein generally actives adenylate cyclase or phsophlipase C.
  - - - Anterior
        
        FSH
        
        Development of both oocytes and ovarian follicle; Develpment of sperm within testes
        
        LH
        
        Induces ovulation of the secondary oocytes from the ovarian follicle; Controls testosterone synthesis within testes
        
        PRL
        
        Produces breast milk in females
        
        ACTH
        
        Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release corticosteroids
        
        TSH
        
        Stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone
        
        GH
        
        Release of insulin-like growth factors from the liver. IGF and GH function synergistically to induce growth
      - Posterior
        
        Stores Oxytocin and ADH
        
        OXY- ejection of milk
        
        ADH- Decrease urine output, stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake.
    - - Melatonin
        
        Helps regulate the body's circadian rhythms (biological clock)
    - - T3 and T4
        
        Increases metabolic rate of all cells
      - Calcitonin
        
        Decreases blood calcium levels
    - - PTH
        
        Increases calcium blood levels
    - - Adrenal Cortex
        
        Cortisol
        
        Stress Response
        
        Androgen
        
        Stimulating maturation and function of the reproductive system
        
        Aldosterone
        
        Regulates blood Na+ and K+ by decreasing Na+ and increasing K+ by excreting through urine.
      - Adrenal Medulla
        
        Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine
        
        Fight or Flight
  - - - FSH and LH are being released in the anterior pituitary gland
        
        LH stimulates the testes(interstitial cells) to release testosterone
        
        testosterone stimulates spermogenesis but inhibins GnRH and reduces the anterior pituitary's sensitivity to GnRH
        
        Rising sperm counts causes sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin, which further inhibits FSH seceretion
        
        Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics.
        
        FSH stimulates release of Androgen-binding protein (ABP) and release the inhibin from sustentacular cells.
  - - - are intiated by either an increase or a decrease in the stimulus, and the end result is to return the stimulus to within its normal range or set point.
    - - Target cells may increase the number of receptors, thereby increasing the sensitivity to a hormone.
    - - Target cells may decrease its number of receptors and reduce the target cell's sensitivity to a hormone.
    - - are intiated by a stimulus and they maintain or increase the activity of the original stimulus until a climatic event