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CH.10 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal…
CH.10 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Concepts
organisms are highly ordered
increases with sunlight
photosynthesis
directly
CO2 to carbohydrate
endergonic reaction
light energy
respiration
indirectly
Photoautotrophs
energy
get energy from light
green plants and cyanobacteria
build there own molecules
chlorophyllous leaves
Heterotrophs
energy
energy from respiring organic molecules
animals, parasitic plants, fungi
roots, wood, flowers
entropy
disorder
increases after death
Energy and Reducing Power
Energy Carriers
endergonic reactions
pigments enter as necessary
chlorophyll
a
pigments make small intermediates
ATP
guanosine triphosphate
ADP to ATP
photophosphorylation
light energy
chloroplasts
substrate-level phosphorylation
high-energy groups
force their phosphate
all parts all time
oxidative phosphorylation
phosphorylated to ATP
all parts all time
Reducing Power
reduced
gain electrons
hydrogen
vs oxidized
agents
loss electrons
oxygen
CO2 + H2O = carbs, fats
recycling molecules
NAD+
NADP+
redox potentials
accept/donate electrons
Other Electron Carriers
plastoquinones
transport electrons
hydrophobic
plastocyanin
caries electron on copper
cytochromes
small proteins
thylakoid membrane
Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reactions
Nature of Light
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
quanta (photons)
gamma, cosmic, UV
short
large energy
infrared, microwaves, radio, radar
long
little energy
Nature of Pigments
chlorophyll a
critical pigment
conjugated double bonds
useful info.
action spectrum
wavelengths powering photochemical process
absorption spectrum
wavelengths absorbed by pigments
photosynthetic unit
photosystem 1
P700
absorb red
ferredoxin
reduce NADP+
photosystem 2
backwards of photosystem 1
P680
1 and 2 move through etc
Synthesis of ATP
chemiosmotic phosphrylation
thykaloid
grana
stack
stroma
gell
noncyclic electron transport
vs.
smoothly from H2O to NADPH
cyclic electron transport
simple light-powered proton pump
The Stroma Reactions
1st step
acceptor molecule reacts CO2
RuBP carboxylate
carries out reaction
C3 cycle in stroma
2nd step
3-phos. to 1,3 diphos.
reduced to 3-phos.
carbon reduced and energized
Anabolic Metabolism
storage compounds solved
intermediate: glucose and disaccharide sucrose
long: starch and lipids
short: ATP and NADPH used
synthesis of polysaccharides
gluconeogenesis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Environmental and Internal Factors
Light
quality
color/wavelengths contains
light compensation point
quantity
light intensity/brightness
duration
hours of sunlight throughout day
Leaf Structure
palisade parenchyma above
spongy mesophyll below
absorbs CO2
Water
amount affects photosynthesis
lost during day
retained during night
most important adaptation
C4 metabolism
explination
CAM
explination
C4 Metabolism
H2O lost for every CO2 absorbed
photorespiration
energy-wasting process
exergonic
protects plant
low
C4
O2 kept away from RuBP carboxylase
Mesophyll
enzyme PEP carboxylase
binding CO2
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
improves conservation of water
stomata open at night
CO2 storage
hot/dry climate
