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Adaptive Immunity: Lecture 2 (Antigens (Endogenous (protozoa, fungi,…
Adaptive Immunity: Lecture 2
Lymphatic system
consider molecules-antigens- that trigger system
move on to antibodies, then special chemical signals and mediators
plays an important role in production and maturation
the tissues and organs are made of lymphatic vessels that control lymph
lymph, lymphoid cells, tissues, and organs are used ofr immunity
they all work together to survey system and screen body for foreign molecules
Lymph
colorless, watery fluid similar to plasma of blood
made from fluid leaking from blood vessels
carries toxins and pathogens to areas where lymphocytes are concentrated
the vessels move the lymph from tissues
Flow of lymph
collected by permeable lymphatic vessels located all throughout the body
passes through larger vessels until flows into the larger ducts and then into the heart by pumping
only flows to heart in one way to ensure flow in correct way
Lymph nodes
located all over body
especially in: armpits, neck, groin, and abdominal area
recognize and attack foreign things in lymph to alert immune system
houses wbc's and B and T lymphocytes
Organs
lymph matures in red bone marrow and thymus
go to second lymphoid organ: lymph nodes, spleen, and less organized lymphoids
each node receives lymph from afferent (inbound) vessels and inferrent (outbound) vessels
Spleen
filters blood
removes bacteria, viruses, toxins and foreign matter from blood
cleans old blood and repair damaged blood
stores platelets and blood components
node has a medulla
outer part of node has a capsule that surrounds primary follicles where B cells replicate
Tonsils
on both sides of the tongue
work like lymph nodes
sample microbes enter by mouth
MALT
tissue associated with mucous membranes of appendix
all throughout the lymphoid tract
most of the bodies lymph are MALT
Antigens
directed against potions of cells, viruses, and part of single molecules
properties
not every molecule is effective
size, shape, and complexity can determine more provoking antigen
our body recognizes antigens by 3D shapes called epitopes
actual part of antigen determines response
large molecules with masses of 5,000-100,000 Daltons are better antigens
most effective are large foreign macromolecules
complex molecules make better antigens because they make more epitopes
Ex: pili, protozoa, capsules, fungi, flagella, bacterial cell wall components
Exogenous
out of body cells that have toxins and other secretions of cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pili
Endogenous
protozoa, fungi, viruses, reproduce inside the body's cells
body responds to endogenous antigens only if cells incorporate into cytoplasmic membrane
this leads to external display
Autoantigens
antigenic molecules drive from processes; self antigen
immune cells treat autoantigens as if foreign and are eliminated during immune system development
self tolerance is from mounting immune system against itself