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Chapter 21 (Section 5: Parliament Limits the English Monarchy (During the…

- - - - In 1711, Charles VI became the Hapsburg ruler. Charles’s empire was a difficult one to rule.
      - Within its borders lived a diverse assortment of people,Czechs
      - Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and Germans. Only the fact that one Hapsburg ruler wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire together.
      - From the salons, artists studios, and concert halls of Europe, the Enlightenment spirit also swept through Europe's royal courts. Many philosophers, including Voltaire, believed that the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respecter the people's rights. The philosophers tried to convince monarchs to rule justly. Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit. They became known as enlightened despots.
        
        European art of the 1600s and early 1700s had been dominated by the style baroque, which was characterized by a grand, ornate design. Barque styles could be seen in elaborate palaces such as Versailles and in numerous painting.
        
        The buzz of Enlightenment ideas was most intense in the mansions of several wealthy women in Paris. There, in their large drawing rooms, these hostesses held regular social gatherings called salons.
        
        Writers in the 18th century also developed new styles and forms of literature. A number of European authors began writing novels, which are lengthy works of prose fiction.
      - The ruler most admired by the philosophers was Catherine the 2nd, known as Catherine the Great. She ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796. The well educated empress read the works of philosophers, and she exchanged many letters with Voltaire. she ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia.
        
        The most radical royal reformer was Joseph the 2nd of Austria. The son and successor of Maria Theresa, Joseph the 2nd rules Austria from 1780 to 1790.
- - - - Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands and tried to crush Protestantism which caused the Dutch to rebell and unite and declare independence from Spain.
        
        Decline of feudalism, rise of cities, creation of middle class, and growth of national kingdoms caused European monarchs became increasingly more powerful.
        
        A stable government, strong middle class, large naval fleet, mighty trading empire caused the Dutch to become wealthy from trade and banking.
      - Severe inflation, lack of middle class, outdated manufacturing methods, and high cost of wars, was the cause of the Spanish economy declined and at times Spain was bankrupt.
- - - - The religious wars effected French intellectuals by skepticism, and hatred between Huguenots and Catholics.
        
        Jean Baptiste started to use mercantilism (government subsides and tariffs).
        
        Palace of Versialles, spent money of luxury, popularized ballet and opera. - ways Louis XVI supported the arts
        
        Louis failed in his attempts to expand the french empire by his wars being expensive and put France into debt
        
        Louis XVI's legacy was France highest in European art and literature, France was military leader of Europe.
- - - - Ivan IV son of Vasily; an absolute ruler; called Ivan the Terrible, came to throne in 1533 when he was only three years old; the boyars fought to control him when he was young; when he was 16, he seized power and had himself crowned czar - this title meant "caesar", and he was the first Russian ruler to use it officially; he married the beautiful Anastasia, related to an old boyar family, the Romanovs; his "good period" was the years from 1547 to 1560 - he won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws, and ruled justly; his "bad period" began in 1560 after Anastasia died - accusing the boyars of poisoning his wife, he turned against them by using his secret police to execute many of them, their families and the peasants who worked their lands - thousands of people died; he seized their estates and gave them to a new class of nobles, who had to remain loyal to him or lose their land; in 1581, during a violent quarrel, he killed his oldest son and heir; when Ivan died three years later, only his weak second son was left to rul
    - - Boyars- A landowning noble of Russia
        
        Time of Troubles was a period of turmoil that Russia experienced after Ivan the Terrible's weak second son died without an heir; a time when boyars struggled for power, and heirs of czars died under mysterious conditions; during this time, several impostors tried to claim the throne
        
        Peter the Great- (1672 - 1725) Czar Peter I; an absolute ruler; at first, he shared the throne with his half-brother; became sole ruler of Russia in 1696, at age 24, when Russia was still a land of boyars and serfs; known in history with this title because he was one of Russia's greatest reformers; he also continued the trend of increasing the czar's power; he was taller than 6' 6"; he was fascinated by modern tools and machines; he had a passion for ships and the sea; he believed that Russia's future depended on having a warm-water port - only then could Russia compete with the more modern states of western Europe; in 1697, he embarked on the "Grand Embassy", a long visit to western Europe; one of his goals was to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques - never before had a czar traveled among Western "heretics" - he dressed in the plain clothes of an ordinary worker to keep his identity a secret; he had the mind of a genius, the body of a giant, and the ferocious temper of a bear; he was very strong; if someone annoyed him, he would knock the offender unconscious
        
        Michael Romanov a czar chosen in 1613 by representatives from many Russian cities that met to choose the next czar; grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible's wife, Anastasia; he began the Romanov dynasty, which ruled Russia for 300 years (1613-1917)
        
        St. Petersburg- a city build on Swedish lands and occupied by Russian troops; it was a swampy site and unhealthful, but Peter thought it was ideal because ships could sail down the Neva River into the Baltic Sea and on to western Europe; named after the patron saint of Peter the Great; to build it, the army forced thousands of luckless serfs to leave home and work here; an estimated 25,000 - 100,000 people died from the terrible working conditions and widespread diseases while building it; when finished being built, Peter ordered many Russian nobles to leave Moscow and settle in his new capital, which eventually became a busy port
        
        Westernization- an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western - especially European or American - countries; Peter the Great wanted Russia to compete with Europe on both military and commercial terms so his goal of using western Europe as a model for change was a way to make Russia stronger