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Chapter 4: Sports Psychology - Feedback (Types of Feedback…
Chapter 4: Sports Psychology - Feedback
Types of Guidance
Visual
When the performer can see something. Using demonstrations to show how to complete a skill
For beginners
The performer needs to see what he skill looks like before they complete it
Guidance needs to be quick, clear, concise and of a realistic standard
For elite performers
Used when they watch videos back of themselves and analyse their performance.
Can also be used when doing an analysis of upcoming opponents
Advantages
Provides learner with mental image of the skill
Good for less complex skills with little instruction
Draws attention to key points
Disadvantages
Must be accurate or the learner could learn it incorrectly
Can de-motivate learner if the skill is too complex
Can overload beginners with information
Verbal
Involves a coach or teacher telling a performer what they are doing well and badly. Can be when you talk the learner through a skill and the process
Advantages
Can be given quickly
Allows key information and feedback to be given independently
Disadvantages
Players need to know the terminology for the skill
Can give too much information
Learners can become confused or bored
Elite performers
Verbal guidance can be longer and more complex. No visual guidance is needed as they are experienced enough to know what the performance should look like.
Beginners
Most effective when given along with visual guidance. Verbal guidance must be simple and brief.
Manual
Involves physically moving the performer. the instructor provides physical support
Advantages
Builds confidence
Reduces danger
Gives participant feeling for the skill
Disadvantages
Learner becomes dependent on support
Proximity of the coach can cause issues
Elite performers
Rarely used because they already know how to do the skill
Beginners
Common because they can practice the skills safely
Mechanical
Involves using mechanical aids and equipment to help a performer to execute a skill
Advantages
Builds confidence and improves safety
Disadvantages
Learner becomes dependent on support
Feel of the skill with the guidance is different to the actual feel of the movement
Learner does not get the opportunity to correct any mistakes in technique
Elite performers
Rarely used because they already know how to do the skill
Beginners
Common as it lets them practice the skill safely
Types of Feedback
Intrinsic/Internal
Comes from within a performer
Type of continuous feedback that is based on the 'feel' of the skill and the performer uses their senses
Kinesthesis - the process of 'feeling' the performance through the muscles
Elite performers use this feedback well because they know if they are doing the skill correctly or not
Negative
Extrinsic
Information about an unsuccessful outcome. used to build more successful strategies
Elite performers can cope with negative feedback
Allows them to make small corrections to their technique for future performances
Positive
Reinforces skill learning and gives information about a successful outcome and reassures the performer that they have done well
Good for motivation, and good for beginners as it can increase their confidence
Extrinsic
Extrinsic/External
Comes from external sources (e.g. from coaches or teammates)
Can come from results
Important for beginners because they do not have the experience to recognise faults (or positives) with their own performance.
Knowledge of result
Focuses on how successful the performer is in achieving their desired goal
Type of terminal feedback that gives performer information about the end result.
Mostly factual and can be intrinsic or extrinsic
Knowledge of performance
Information about how well the movement is being executed rather than the end result
Relates to the quality of the performance