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The Human Body (Skeletal System (Functions:
Support - holds up body
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The Human Body
Skeletal System
Functions:
Support - holds up body
Protection - bars against vital organs
Movement - work as levers for muscles
Mineral Storage - calcium and phosphorous
Production of Blood Cells - create red and white blood cells
Structures:
Bones - living tissues formed into different layers that make different parts of the body; container for bone marrow
Cartilage - a strong, flexible connective tissue
Ligament - a band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue keeping bones together
Tendon - fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone
Joints - points at which bones meet
Diseases:
Osteoporosis - the thinning and weakening of bone due to the wearing away of cartilage over time
Arthritis - inflammation of a joint
Bursitis - inflammation of bursa sacs around a joint
Care: Calcium or Vitamin D supplements, or a brace if a bone is broken
The skeletal system works as levers for muscles and serves as a layer of protection for vital organs.
Respiratory System
Diseases/Problems/Disorders:
Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi caused by infection or exposure to irritants
Pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs caused by a viral or bacterial infection
Tuberculosis - a contagious bacterial infection that affects the lungs
Structures:
lungs, trachea, diaphragm, bronchial tubes, mouth and nose
Functions:
provides oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from body; External respiration is when oxygen moves from lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from blood into lungs; Internal respiration: oxygen moves from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide moves from the cells into the blood
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The respiratory system is responsible for getting the oxygen into the body and into the blood in the first place
Cardiovascular System
Structures:
veins (takes deoxygenated blood away from parts of the body), arteries (takes oxygenated blood throughout the body), blood (flows throughout body to give everything oxygen), heart (pumps blood), capillaries (smallest blood vessels and do the transferring of oxygen to tissue)
Diseases/Problems/Disorders:
Anemia - a condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced, caused by lack of iron in body
Hemophilia - an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot properly; can bleed uncontrollably externally/internally
Varicose Veins - valves in the veins do not close tightly enough to prevent the backflow of blood; causes enlarged veins/pain
Function:
provides nutrients and oxygen to parts of the body, carries away waste, and helps fight disease
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The circulatory system circulates oxygenated blood throughout the body and brings the deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Muscular System
Structures:
Deltoid - shoulder muscle
Quadriceps - muscles in the upper leg and thigh
Gluteus maximus - the muscles in the butt
Diseases/Problems/Disorders:
Muscular Dystrophy - progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
Cramp - a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle
Strain - stretch or tear of muscle or tendons
Functions:
movement, joint stabilization, maintain posture, and generate heat
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The muscular system layers the skeletal system as another layer of some protection, and is maneuvered as well as held together by the skeletal system
Nervous System
Structures:
Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord controlling behavior
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - all body nerves, it serves internal organs, and controls the 5 senses/reacts to the world around you
Brain - center of all nerves and sends messages throughout the body
Spinal Cord - pathway for messages sent by the brain
Nerves - connect muscles to the brain and spinal cord
Diseases/Problems/Disorders:
Parkinson’s Disease - a degenerative disease that progressively destroys nerve cells in the area of the brain that controls skeletal muscles
Multiple Sclerosis - destroys the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells in the CNS, causes loss of voluntary control of your muscles; gets worse with each attack
Alzheimer’s Disease - destroys neurons which are crucial in transmitting impulses, gradual mental deterioration, confusion, and memory loss
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Care:
Eating dark green and leafy vegetables and wearing protective when appropriate (helmet, seatbelt)
Endocrine System
Structures:
Hormones - chemicals that regulate bodily functions
Pituitary Gland - regulates everything and is the main gland responsible for secreting hormones into the blood stream
Thyroid - secretes thyroxine, which regulates metabolism
Adrenal Gland - regulates adrenaline and the fight or flight response
Pancreas - regulates insulin production, which in return uses glucose from foods
Diseases/Problems/Disorders:
Diabetes Mellitus - a disorder in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels
Goiter - an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet
Cushing's Disease - overproduction of the adrenal gland or adrenaline
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Care: do not experiment with hormonal changing substances, like steroids or HGH
Digestive System
Structures:
esophagus (the pipe food takes to the stomach), stomach (begins digestion process), small intestine (where about 90% of digestion and absorption occurs), large intestine (absorbs final nutrients and liquids), anus (finally removes the waste)
Diseases/Problems/Disorders:
Diarrhea - food is failed to be made into solid waste and is excreted as more of a loose liquid
Constipation - having hard, dry bowel movements and the inability to excrete waste
Nausea - stomach discomfort and the feeling of wanting to vomit
Functions:
Digest food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste
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