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chapter 4-5 (carbon (hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons are orgnic molecules…
chapter 4-5
carbon
carbon is an element that enters the biosphere through producers. they are then taken up by consumers that feed on other organisms.
organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Organic compounds range from small, to colossal ones like proteins.
carbon is unparalelled in ability to make large, complex, and varied molecules. unique chemical versatility
carbon usually forms single or double covalent bonds. each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in four directions .
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hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen most frequent bonding partners.
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polymer
a polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
every polymerer is made up of smaller molecules called monomers. some monomers have functions of their own
the reaction connecting monomers is a good example of a dehydration reaction- a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to eachother with the loss of a water molecule
polymers are disassembled into monomers by hydrolysis. a process that is basically a reverse of dehydration.bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, with hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl attaching to the other
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protein
proteins account for more than 50% of dry mass in a cell and are instrumental in almost everything organsims do
proteins are all built by the same chain of 20 amino acids linked and unbranched polymers. bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond so a polymere of amino acids is also called a polypeptide.
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lipids
large bilogical molecules that does not include true polymers and are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules
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isomers
isomers are compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures hence a different property
three types of isomers
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cis-trans isomers: carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms but differ in spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds
enantiomers: isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon one that is connected to four different atoms or group of atoms.in a way are left and right-handed versions of the molecule
functional groups
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seven most important chemical groups in biological processes are. hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups
the first six groups can be chemically reactive. of these six all except the sulfhydryl group are hydrophilic
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate is an organic molecule of adenosine attached to three phosphate groups it stores potential to react with water
ATP becomes ADP once it looses a hydrogen atom. this reaction releases energy to be used by the cell
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