topic 4

the most reactive metals will react with cold water to form , metal hydroxide

fairly reactive metals will react with acid to form, metal + acid = salt + hydrogen

all metals will react with oxygen thought some faster than other to form, metal oxide

the only metal that does not reactive with o2, acid or H2o is gold as it is extremely unreactive

You​ ​can​ ​see​ ​if​ ​one​ ​metal​ ​is​ ​more​ ​reactive​ ​than​ ​another​ ​by​ ​using​ ​displacement reactions


Easily​ ​seen​ ​when​ ​a​ ​salt​ ​of​ ​the​ ​less​ ​reactive​ ​metal​ ​is​ ​in​ ​the​ ​solution


More​ ​reactive​ ​metal​ ​gradually​ ​disappears​ ​as​ ​it​ ​forms​ ​a​ ​solution


Less​ ​reactive​ ​metal​ ​coats​ ​the​ ​surface​ ​of​ ​the​ ​more​ ​reactive​ ​metal

Oxidation
Is
Loss
Reduction
Is
Gain
( of electrons )
OILRIG
REDOX

metals form positive ions, if it does this easier it means that it is a more reactive metal

​potassium
​sodium
​lithium
​calcium
magnesium
zinc
​iron​
copper​

most metals are extracted from ores in the earths crust
and unreactive metals are uncombined elements

OXidation​ ​is​ ​GAIN​ ​of​ ​OXygen
reduction​ ​is​ ​LOSS​ ​of​ ​oxygen

Metals​ ​less​ ​reactive​ ​than​ ​carbon can​ ​be​ ​extracted​ ​from​ ​their​ ​oxides​ ​by​ ​reduction​ ​with​ ​carbon


​reduction​ ​involves​ ​the​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​oxygen,​ ​so​ ​you​ ​are reducing​ ​the​ ​ores​ ​to​ ​remove​ ​the​ ​oxygen​ ​to​ ​obtain​ ​the​ ​pure​ ​metal


the carbon displaces the metal from its ore

if a metal is more reactive than carbon electrolysis must be used

Phytoextraction
Some​ ​plants​ ​absorb​ ​metal​ ​compounds​ ​through​ ​their​ ​roots
They​ ​concentrate​ ​these​ ​compounds​ ​into​ ​their​ ​shoots​ ​and​ ​leaves
The​ ​plants​ ​can​ ​be​ ​burned​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​an​ ​ash​ ​that​ ​contains​ ​the​ ​metal compounds

Bacterial​ ​extraction
Some​ ​bacteria​ ​absorb​ ​metal​ ​compounds
produce solutions called leachates
scrap iron can be used to obtain metals from the leachate

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less​ ​reactive​ ​a​ ​metal​ ​is,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​resistant​ ​it​ ​is​ ​to​ ​oxidation,​ ​because​ ​for​ ​a metal​ ​to​ ​react,​ ​it​ ​forms​ ​a​ ​positive​ ​metal​ ​ion​ ​by​ ​losing​ ​electrons​ ​(loss​ ​of electrons=oxidation)

Relative​ ​resistance​ ​to​ ​oxidation​ ​is​ ​the​ ​same​ ​as​ ​relative​ ​resistance​ ​to​ ​losing electrons​ ​/​ ​forming​ ​positive​ ​metal​ ​ions

Relative​ ​resistance​ ​to​ ​oxidation​ ​is​ ​the​ ​same​ ​as​ ​relative​ ​resistance​ ​to​ ​losing electrons​ ​/​ ​forming​ ​positive​ ​metal​ ​ions

recycling is key as it allows sustainable develpoment

reversible reactions - the products can react to form the original reactants

The​ ​Haber​ ​Process:​ ​nitrogen​ ​+​ ​hydrogen​ ​⇌​ ​ammonia

equilibrium:rate​ ​of​ ​forward​ ​reaction​ ​=​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​backward​ ​reaction
concentration​ ​of​ ​reacting​ ​substances​ ​stay​ ​the​ ​same


dynamic​ ​equilibrium: once​ ​the​ ​forward​ ​and​ ​backward​ ​reaction​ ​reach​ ​equilibrium,​ ​they​ ​keep going

the Haber process

high​ ​pressure​ ​(about​ ​200​ ​atmospheres).

high temp (about​ ​450​ ​°C)​

catalyst of iron

nitrogen for the air

hydrogen from natural gases

if a condition of a system at equilibrium changes that that will change to oppose that change - le chandelier's principle

increase temp

increase concentraition

increase pressure

the position of equilibrium will move to the side with the least moles to balance it out

the side that does not already that that thing

towards to endothermic reaction